{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:58:44Z","timestamp":1782187124902,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanoacrylate-based adhesives are commonly used for wound closure due to their short synthesis time, aesthetic outcomes, and minimal discomfort. However, reported adverse effects include the release of cytotoxic metabolites, inflammation, and foreign body reactions. This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of three cyanoacrylate-based adhesives for skin incision closure in Rattus norvegicus. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the type of monomer: G1 (n-2-ethyl-cyanoacrylate), G2 (n-2-butyl-cyanoacrylate), and G3 (n-2-octyl-cyanoacrylate). Each animal received two 2 cm paramedian incisions, which were closed using either a topical over dermal (OD) or a topical transdermal (TD) application, resulting in two subgroups per group. Wounds were evaluated on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, and 21 to compare the different monomers and application techniques. Assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate revealed differences in polynuclear cells between the TD and OD on days 3 and 7, while TD demonstrated improved results in mononuclear cells at all time points. Sustained inflammatory processes and foreign body reactions were observed. Quantification of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) indicated that TD maintained stability throughout the assessment periods, though it exhibited higher values than OD from days 7 to 21. These higher values were associated with a foreign body reaction and increased oxidative stress. Regarding tissue formation, OD produced more aligned wound edges, supporting the production of types I and III collagen and improving scar resolution compared to TD. Our findings indicate that the patch application technique has a greater impact on healing than the size of the cyanoacrylate monomer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12111147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Topical over Dermal Versus Transdermal Application of Cyanoacrylate in Wound Synthesis and Its Effects on Healing\u2014Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-0611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e1cio Silva","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9601-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Alessandra","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Clinics and Surgery, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, State University of Northern Fluminense \u201cDarcy Ribeiro\u201d, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1355-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Jo\u00e3o Unger","family":"Carra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francielli Pereira","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Clinics and Surgery, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, State University of Northern Fluminense \u201cDarcy Ribeiro\u201d, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Souza","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Morphology, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, State University of Northern Fluminense \u201cDarcy Ribeiro\u201d, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel Bittencourt","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Morphology, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, State University of Northern Fluminense \u201cDarcy Ribeiro\u201d, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1140-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Ant\u00f4nio M.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lu\u00edza","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edza Maria Feitosa","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Clinics and Surgery, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, State University of Northern Fluminense \u201cDarcy Ribeiro\u201d, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eulogio Carvalho Queiroz","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Morphology, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, State University of Northern Fluminense \u201cDarcy Ribeiro\u201d, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4354-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Al\u00e9scio","family":"Canola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35683","article-title":"Suture materials\u2014Current and emerging trends","volume":"104","author":"Dennis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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