{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:45:05Z","timestamp":1790289905809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lower-limb amputation is a complex condition that profoundly affects motor function and patients\u2019 quality of life. Physical therapists are key in managing lower-limb amputees, and emerging technologies such as virtual reality offer promising tools to further enhance motor function. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of virtual reality-based rehabilitation in improving motor function in lower-limb amputees. Method: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering all studies published from their inception to July 2025. The study population consisted of adult lower-limb amputees receiving virtual reality-based rehabilitation, either alone or combined with other interventions. The search strategy included key terms such as \u201camputee,\u201d \u201climb loss,\u201d and \u201cvirtual reality,\u201d with no date restrictions. Results: Six studies, all randomized controlled trials, were included and featured a variety of protocols. Meta-analysis showed no significant improvement in walking capacity in the experimental group when compared with controls (p &gt; 0.05). In contrast, postural stability demonstrated significant improvement in the experimental group, with high consistency across studies (I2 = 0%). Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that virtual reality may be an effective approach to improving motor function in lower-limb amputees. However, the studies exhibit methodological limitations, highlighting the need for further research to standardize protocols and evaluate long-term benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12111170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T09:16:07Z","timestamp":1761642967000},"page":"1170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effects of Virtual Reality Interventions on Motor Function Rehabilitation in Lower-Limb Amputees: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jade","family":"Paillet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Formation en Masso-Kin\u00e9sith\u00e9rapie-Assas, Universit\u00e9 Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78280 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"del Valle Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Herranz","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Ruiz-Matas Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6370-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Raya-Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3609-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Granados Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Carmen","family":"Valenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.11.002","article-title":"Trends, complications, and mortality in peripheral vascular surgery","volume":"43","author":"Nowygrod","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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