{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:00:38Z","timestamp":1791907238889,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteoarthritis affect millions worldwide, creating an urgent need for earlier and more accurate assessment of bone health. High-resolution imaging has transformed this field: micro-computed tomography remains the research gold standard for ex vivo and preclinical studies, while high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography enables in vivo clinical assessment of trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture. Combined with finite element analysis and machine learning, these modalities enable biomechanical modelling, predictive risk stratification, and progress toward personalised treatment. Remaining challenges include cost, limited availability, motion artefacts, and lack of standardisation. This review summarises current advances in imaging and computational methods, highlights their respective strengths and limitations, and outlines future directions required to translate these technologies into routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12111189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:22:36Z","timestamp":1762176156000},"page":"1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Advancements in High-Resolution Computed Tomography: Revolutionising Bone Health Micro-Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Lindtner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Kampik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Putzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Klosterhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton Kasper","family":"Pallua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Institute for Computed Tomography-Neuro CT, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Streif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office Dr. Schirmer, 6060 Hall, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"Degenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility MicroCT, University Clinic for Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes Dominikus","family":"Pallua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27063","article-title":"Bone function, dysfunction and its role in diseases including critical illness","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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