{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:46:32Z","timestamp":1788576392934,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, the Republic of China","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation-National Chung Cheng University Joint Research Program","award":["KAFGH_D_114013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This literature review synthesizes contemporary evidence regarding the epidemiology, screening guidelines, clinical manifestations, and machine-learning solutions for four prevalent non-melanoma skin lesions: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), seborrheic keratosis (SK), and actinic keratosis (AK). This study presents a summary of common indices and recent screening alternatives, accompanied by a critical assessment of contemporary advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for the identification and classification of images utilizing standardized benchmark databases. The literature search and selection focused on peer-reviewed studies published from 2018 to December 2024, emphasizing diagnostic performance, datasets, preprocessing methodologies, and assessment metrics. This work compares and contextualizes reported results, highlighting the challenges posed by different study designs and biases in datasets that hinder direct comparisons among studies. The consistency of deep learning classifiers in lesion detection, the significance of sensitivity-oriented thresholding for early detection applications, and challenges associated with class imbalance and the under-representation of darker skin tones in publicly accessible datasets are studied. With practical implications for clinical adoption, emphasizing targeted screening of at-risk populations, the supplementary benefits of dermoscopy and the imperative for multi-center, demographically diverse validation have been concluded. Additionally, future research on standardized reporting, external validation, and interpretable, workflow-compatible AI systems has been proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12111258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T15:38:09Z","timestamp":1763393889000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Dermatologic Screening: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Seborrheic Keratosis and Actinic Keratosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Teng-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, No. 2, Min-Sheng Rd., Dalin Town, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6811-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Hua","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135, Nanxiao St., Changhua County, Changhua City 50006, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riya","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjivani, University, Sanjivani Factory, Singnapur, Kopargaon 423603, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Mukundan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Sanjivani, University, Sanjivani Factory, Singnapur, Kopargaon 423603, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging, Chennai Institute of Technology, Sarathy Nagar, Chennai 600069, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeevitha","family":"Sundarraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Salem-Kochi Hwy, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Te","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Sect. 4, Taichung 407219, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-Chin","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, 2, Zhongzheng 1st Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4107-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Road, Dalin, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan"},{"name":"Technology Development, Hitspectra Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 80661, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panthakkan, A., Anzar, S.M., Jamal, S., and Mansoor, W. (2022). Concatenated Xception-ResNet50\u2014A novel hybrid approach for accurate skin cancer prediction. Comput. Biol. Med., 150.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106170"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Automatic detection and classification of skin cancer","volume":"10","author":"Victor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Eng. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, Z., and Riffat, F. (2015). Epidemiology and aetiology of non-melanoma skin cancer. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2497-6_1"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"E01","article-title":"Overview of skin cancer types and prevalence rates across continents","volume":"2","author":"Roky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ska, M., Kami\u0144ska-Winciorek, G., Lange, D., Lewandowski, B., Reich, A., S\u0142awi\u0144ska, M., Pabianek, M., Szczepaniak, K., Hankiewicz, A., and U\u0142a\u0144ska, M. (2021). The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94435-7"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers2041980","article-title":"Epidemiology of skin cancer: Role of some environmental factors","volume":"2","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.91826","article-title":"Clinicopathological evaluation of nonmelanoma skin cancer","volume":"56","author":"Adinarayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000296","article-title":"Consensus for nonmelanoma skin cancer treatment: Basal cell carcinoma, including a cost analysis of treatment methods","volume":"41","author":"Kauvar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"43","article-title":"Treatment of squamous and basal cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"2018","author":"Neves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cutan. Malig. A Surg. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M.S., Jamil, M.A., Shehzad, A., Mazhar, S., and Hameed, F. (2024). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Skin Cancer\u2014Past, Present and Future, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1004884"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fania, L., Didona, D., Morese, R., Campana, I., Coco, V., Di Pietro, F.R., Ricci, F., Pallotta, S., Candi, E., and Abeni, D. (2020). Basal cell carcinoma: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8110449"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Itano, J.K., Brant, J.M., Conde, F., and Saria, M. (2015). Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Characteristics of BCC. Core Curriculum for Oncology Nursing-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"248","article-title":"Environmental risk factors predisposing to the development of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Narbutt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12959","article-title":"Superficial basal cell carcinoma: A comparison of superficial only subtype with superficial combined with other subtypes by age, sex and anatomic site in 3150 cases","volume":"44","author":"Pyne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9906","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30110720","article-title":"Clinical and Molecular Features of Morpheaform Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Conte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corchado-Cobos, R., Garc\u00eda-Sancha, N., Gonz\u00e1lez-Sarmiento, R., P\u00e9rez-Losada, J., and Ca\u00f1ueto, J. (2020). Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: From biology to therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082956"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12553","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Epidemiology, classification, management, and novel trends","volume":"54","author":"Kallini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830415)51:8<1537::AID-CNCR2820510830>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"51","author":"Immerman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.01.007","article-title":"European interdisciplinary guideline on invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Part 1. epidemiology, diagnostics and prevention","volume":"128","author":"Stratigos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18983.1","article-title":"Recent advances in managing and understanding seborrheic keratosis","volume":"8","author":"Wollina","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backer, E.L. (2022). Skin Tumors. Family Medicine: Principles and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54441-6_149"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"98","article-title":"Comparison of Seborrheic Keratoses, Inflamed Seborrheic Keratoses, and Inverted Follicular Keratoses Using P53, BCL-1, and BCL-2","volume":"32","author":"Ko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.460","article-title":"Seborrheic keratoses\u2014The most common benign skin tumor of humans. Clinical presentation and an update on pathogenesis and treatment options","volume":"6","author":"Wollina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S267246","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis and Management on Seborrheic Keratosis in Elderly Patients","volume":"14","author":"Moscarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S166849","article-title":"Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: Clinical update","volume":"12","author":"Rout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"4133","article-title":"Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid","volume":"17","author":"Popa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.03.030","article-title":"Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"126","author":"Fortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14767","article-title":"Current therapies for actinic keratosis","volume":"59","author":"Dianzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.09.053","article-title":"Pathobiology of actinic keratosis: Ultraviolet-dependent keratinocyte proliferation","volume":"68","author":"Berman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06318.x","article-title":"Dermoscopic features of actinic keratosis","volume":"5","author":"Peris","year":"2007","journal-title":"JDDG J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14147","article-title":"Actinic keratosis\u2014Review for clinical practice","volume":"58","author":"Pantoja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12530","article-title":"Physician perceptions and experience of current treatment in actinic keratosis","volume":"29","author":"Stockfleth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"56","article-title":"Sunscreen Coverage as Preventive Care Under the Affordable Care Act: A Low-Cost Way to Reduce the Prevalence of the Most Common Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Fletcher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthetic Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2023). Screening for Skin Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 329, 1290\u20131295.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4342"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"496910","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"2011","author":"Nakayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ski. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04342.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of basal cell carcinoma in a tertiary hospital in Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"49","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.105456","article-title":"Clinical variants, stages, and management of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Dourmishev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0218erb\u0103nescu, M.-S., Bung\u0103rdean, R.M., Georgiu, C., and Cri\u0219an, M. (2022). Nodular and Micronodular Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes Are Different Tumors Based on Their Morphological Architecture and Their Interaction with the Surrounding Stroma. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071636"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"261","article-title":"Histological types of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Vantuchova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scr. Medica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00772.x","article-title":"Micronodular basal cell carcinoma: A distinct subtype? Relationship with nodular and infiltrative basal cell carcinomas","volume":"37","author":"Betti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11090.x","article-title":"Occupational skin cancer induced by ultraviolet radiation and its prevention","volume":"167","author":"Diepgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12402","article-title":"Thickness of superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) predicts imiquimod efficacy: A proposal for a thickness-based definition of sBCC","volume":"169","author":"McKay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S109531","article-title":"Treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma with ingenol mebutate gel, 0.05%","volume":"9","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S3507","article-title":"Management of superficial basal cell carcinoma: Focus on imiquimod","volume":"2","author":"Raasch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14499","article-title":"Preoperative prediction of histopathological outcome in basal cell carcinoma: Flat surface and multiple small erosions predict superficial basal cell carcinoma in lighter skin types1111","volume":"175","author":"Ahnlide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.06.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guidelines","volume":"118","author":"Peris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12404","article-title":"Radiotherapy of morphea-type basal cell carcinoma: Results in 127 cases","volume":"28","author":"Caccialanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camela, E., Anca, P.I., Lallas, K., Papageorgiou, C., Manoli, S.-M., Gkentsidi, T., Eftychidou, P., Liopyris, K., Sgouros, D., and Apalla, Z. (2023). Dermoscopic Clues of Histopathologically Aggressive Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020349"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1550","article-title":"Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma in African Americans","volume":"30","author":"Nadiminti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40487-022-00201-8","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma: A narrative review on contemporary diagnosis and management","volume":"10","author":"Naik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2019.73.394-398","article-title":"A clinical study of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Hasic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"17","article-title":"Recurrent morphean basal cell carcinoma of the skin. A clinico-histopathological study of 97 cases","volume":"6","author":"Hatziolou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC): Clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"UpToDate. Retrieved Febr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_257_21","article-title":"Bowen\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24645","article-title":"Application of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of Bowen\u2019s disease","volume":"87","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.109459","article-title":"Surgical perspective on perianal Bowen\u2019s disease: A rare case report","volume":"117","author":"Omry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193831","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9193831","article-title":"Peripheral exophytic oral lesions: A clinical decision tree","volume":"2017","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272824","article-title":"Neoplasms of anal canal and perianal skin","volume":"24","author":"Leonard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"5257","article-title":"Skin cancer concerns in people of color: Risk factors and prevention","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632010X241255874","DOI":"10.1177\/2632010X241255874","article-title":"Seborrheic Keratosis: Report of a Rare Presentation and Reminder of the Current Knowledge of the Problem","volume":"17","author":"Lahbacha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.10.014","article-title":"Dermoscopic analysis of 72 \u201catypical\u201d seborrheic keratoses","volume":"110","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000517070","article-title":"Advances in the etiology, detection, and clinical management of seborrheic keratoses","volume":"238","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2911","article-title":"Overexpression of Amyloid Precursor Protein Promotes the Onset of Seborrhoeic Keratosis and is Related to Skin Ageing","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermato-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Porth, C.M. (1990). Alteration in skin function and integrity. Pathophysiology, Concepts of Altered Health States, JB Lippincott Company. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20187117","article-title":"Collision tumor: Pigmented Bowen\u2019s disease and seborrheic keratosis","volume":"93","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. Bras. De Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"265","article-title":"Seborrheic keratosis","volume":"21","author":"Barthelmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"JDDG J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"729","article-title":"Common benign skin tumors","volume":"67","author":"Luba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-015-0070-9","article-title":"Primary care review of actinic keratosis and its therapeutic options: A global perspective","volume":"5","author":"Chetty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4236\/ijcm.2023.147027","article-title":"Holistic Approach in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: Benefits and Disadvantages of 5-Fluorouracil, Imiquimod, Diclofenac and Curaderm","volume":"14","author":"Cham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000300012","article-title":"Actinic keratosis: A clinical and epidemiological revision","volume":"87","author":"Schmitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09003.x","article-title":"In vivo thickness measurement of basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis with optical coherence tomography and 20-MHz ultrasound","volume":"160","author":"Mogensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-014-0049-y","article-title":"Actinic keratosis: Rationale and management","volume":"4","author":"Dodds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14652","article-title":"Defining the actinic keratosis field: A literature review and discussion","volume":"32","author":"Cerio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14335","article-title":"In vivo microvascular imaging of cutaneous actinic keratosis, Bowen\u2019s disease and squamous cell carcinoma using dynamic optical coherence tomography","volume":"31","author":"Themstrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"161","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"86","author":"Firnhaber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.03.023","article-title":"Advanced basal cell carcinoma: What dermatologists need to know about diagnosis","volume":"86","author":"Krakowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"14","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous carcinogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Lotem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.05.035","article-title":"Dermatoscopy of basal cell carcinoma: Morphologic variability of global and local features and accuracy of diagnosis","volume":"62","author":"Altamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2478\/sjdv-2013-0009","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Serbian J. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2.5.570","article-title":"Environment, phenotype and genetics: Risk factors associated with BCC of the skin","volume":"2","author":"Hoban","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0821","article-title":"Long-term ultraviolet flux, other potential risk factors, and skin cancer risk: A cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, Y., Yu, Y., Li, S., Huang, Y., Xu, D., Tao, X., and Fan, Y. (2021). Ultraviolet radiation and basal cell carcinoma: An environmental perspective. Front. Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.666528"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.10.006","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Bichakjian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"363","article-title":"16 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer","volume":"Volume 2012","author":"Letada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Year Book of Dermatology and Dermatological Surgery"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"e9211","article-title":"Surgical margin of excision in basal cell carcinoma: A systematic review of literature","volume":"12","author":"Quazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"380371","article-title":"Treatment of facial basal cell carcinoma: A review","volume":"2011","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ski. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e9meth, C., Gyulai, R., and Lengyel, Z. (2024). Topical Fluorouracil Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma. Skin Cancer\u2014Past, Present and Future, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.111409"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2015.1042865","article-title":"Radiotherapy treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancer","volume":"15","author":"Rong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00386.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions: Diagnosis and screening in a technical era","volume":"57","author":"Poh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombino, M., Palmieri, G., Rodio, M., Tettamanzi, M., Rampazzo, S., Margani, R., Trignano, E., Cossu, A., Fedeli, M.A., and Fadda, G.M. (2024). Mutational Profiles of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas with Different Patterns of Clinical Aggression from Head and Neck Regions. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.0417.v1"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.10.007","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Alam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2001.0493","article-title":"Gene therapy for head and neck cancer using vaccinia virus expressing IL-2 in a murine model, with evidence of immune suppression","volume":"4","author":"Qin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karia, P.S. (2016). Epidemiology and outcomes of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47081-7_1"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00199-3","article-title":"UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer","volume":"63","author":"Mullenders","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06411.x","article-title":"Chemical exposures other than arsenic are probably not important risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma of the skin","volume":"152","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.125579","article-title":"Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"47","author":"Berg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709142","article-title":"Mohs surgery versus standard local excision for basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma skin cancer","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.12.029","article-title":"Skin CanceR Brachytherapy vs External beam radiation therapy (SCRiBE) meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Zaorsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"239","article-title":"Radiation therapy for cancer","volume":"3","author":"Jaffray","year":"2015","journal-title":"PMC"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"386","article-title":"Brachytherapy: An overview for clinicians","volume":"69","author":"Chargari","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5114\/jcb.2017.72607","article-title":"Current status of brachytherapy in cancer treatment-short overview","volume":"9","author":"Skowronek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Brachytherapy"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cryotherapy for common premalignant and malignant skin disorders","volume":"15","author":"Akarsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg. Proced."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2019.10.014","article-title":"Definitive and Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Basal and Squamous Cell Cancers of the Skin: Executive Summary of an American Society for Radiation Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"10","author":"Likhacheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20524","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021","volume":"185","author":"Nasr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.06.009","article-title":"AAD\/ACMS\/ASDSA\/ASMS 2012 appropriate use criteria for Mohs micrographic surgery: A report of the American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Surgery, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery Association, and the American Society for Mohs Surgery","volume":"67","author":"Connolly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800837","article-title":"FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratoses are already present in flat lesions and associated with age and localization","volume":"20","author":"Hafner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15934","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15934","article-title":"Update of pathophysiology and treatment options of seborrheic keratosis","volume":"35","author":"Gorai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"527","article-title":"The Clinical Research of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis of Solar Lentigines, Seborrheic Keratosis, and Actinic Keratosis","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Core J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.2.152","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological investigation of seborrheic keratosis. Annals of dermatology","volume":"28","author":"Roh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2003.00025.x","article-title":"Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: Causative role of sunlight","volume":"19","author":"Kwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raulin, C., and Kimmig, W. (2022). Laser therapy in dermatology and aesthetic medicine: Side effects, complications, and treatment errors. Energy for the Skin, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90680-1_2"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, X., Shi, Y., Wu, S., Ding, Y., Yao, G., and Chen, J. (2024). Advancements in elucidating the pathogenesis of actinic keratosis: Present state and future prospects. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1330491"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balcere, A., Konr\u0101de-Jilmaza, L., Pauli\u0146a, L.A., \u010c\u0113ma, I., and Kr\u016bmi\u0146a, A. (2022). Clinical characteristics of actinic keratosis associated with the risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195899"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14151","article-title":"From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma: Pathophysiology revisited","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.09.052","article-title":"Prevalence and awareness of actinic keratosis: Barriers and opportunities","volume":"68","author":"Rosen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000366546","article-title":"Conventional treatment of actinic keratosis: An overview","volume":"46","author":"Peris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2012.716039","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis: An update","volume":"13","author":"Berman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180161","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.161","article-title":"The HAM10000 dataset, a large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions","volume":"5","author":"Tschandl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102305","article-title":"Analysis of the ISIC image datasets: Usage, benchmarks and recommendations","volume":"75","author":"Cassidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H.-Y., Hsiao, Y.-P., Mukundan, A., Tsao, Y.-M., Chang, W.-Y., and Wang, H.-C. (2023). Classification of skin cancer using novel hyperspectral imaging engineering via YOLOv5. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031134"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14445\/22315381\/IJETT-V70I2P202","article-title":"Machine learning and deep learning integration for skin diseases prediction","volume":"70","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, M., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Liu, L., and Zhang, Z. (2023, January 21\u201323). Classification of skin cancer based on hyperspectral microscopic imaging and machine learning. Proceedings of the SPIE-CLP Conference on Advanced Photonics 2022, Online.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2666425"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Computer Decision Support System for Skin Cancer Localization and Classification","volume":"68","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koumaki, D., Manios, G., Papadakis, M., Doxastaki, A., Zacharopoulos, G.V., Katoulis, A., and Manios, A. (2024). Color Analysis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Study with Cherry Angiomas, Hemangiomas, Basal Cell Carcinomas, and Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020230"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrahari, P., Agrawal, A., and Subhashini, N. (2022). Skin cancer detection using deep learning. Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies: Select Proceedings of VICFCNT 2020, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-4625-6_18"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Qi, M., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., and Qu, J. (2022). Staging of skin cancer based on hyperspectral microscopic imaging and machine learning. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100790"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duran-Sierra, E., Cheng, S., Cuenca, R., Ahmed, B., Ji, J., Yakovlev, V.V., Martinez, M., Al-Khalil, M., Al-Enazi, H., and Cheng, Y.-S.L. (2021). Machine-learning assisted discrimination of precancerous and cancerous from healthy oral tissue based on multispectral autofluorescence lifetime imaging endoscopy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194751"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"100122","article-title":"A machine learning approach for skin disease detection and classification using image segmentation","volume":"2","author":"Ahammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Anal."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.3807","article-title":"Keratinocytic skin cancer detection on the face using region-based convolutional neural network","volume":"156","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"571","article-title":"An effective semantic mathematical model for skin cancer classification using a saliency-based level set with improved boundary indicator function","volume":"16","author":"Aswathanarayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Eng. Syst."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpi.2022.100159","article-title":"High-fidelity detection, subtyping, and localization of five skin neoplasms using supervised and semi-supervised learning","volume":"14","author":"Requa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen, P., Godard, T., Mandal, R., Balzer, B., Whittemore, D., George, E., Barcelona, F., Lambert, C., Lee, J., and Lambert, A. (2022). Evaluation of a deep learning approach to differentiate Bowen\u2019s disease and seborrheic keratosis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143518"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"51","article-title":"A Study on the Application of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Skin Cancer Detection","volume":"18","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1617","article-title":"A lightweight approach for skin lesion detection through optimal features fusion","volume":"70","author":"Manzoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magalhaes, C., Tavares, J.M.R., Mendes, J., and Vardasca, R. (2021). Comparison of machine learning strategies for infrared thermography of skin cancer. Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.102872"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spyridonos, P., Gaitanis, G., Likas, A., and Bassukas, I.D. (2023). A convolutional neural network based system for detection of actinic keratosis in clinical images of cutaneous field cancerization. Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104059"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, S., Singhania, U., Tripathy, B., Nasr, E.A., Aboudaif, M.K., and Kamrani, A.K. (2021). Deep learning-based transfer learning for classification of skin cancer. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238142"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"71","article-title":"A deep CNN model for skin cancer detection and classification","volume":"3101","author":"Junayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Res. Notes"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/11\/1258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T10:46:25Z","timestamp":1763462785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/11\/1258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering12111258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering12111258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}}}