{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:05:18Z","timestamp":1791227118891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022M3A9B6082791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9B6082791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which vocal impairment is one of the earliest and most prevalent. In recent years, voice analysis supported by machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has emerged as a promising non-invasive method for early PD detection. We conducted a systematic review searching PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2020 and September 2025. A total of 69 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in terms of dataset characteristics, speech tasks, feature extraction techniques, model architectures, validation strategies, and performance outcomes. Classical ML models such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Random Forests (RFs) achieved high accuracy on small, homogeneous datasets, while DL architectures, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Transformer-based foundation models, demonstrated greater robustness and scalability across languages and recording conditions. Despite these advances, persistent challenges such as dataset heterogeneity, class imbalance, and inconsistent validation practices continue to hinder reproducibility and clinical translation. Overall, the field is transitioning from handcrafted feature-based pipelines toward self-supervised, representation-learning frameworks that promise improved generalizability. Future progress will depend on the development of large, multilingual, and openly accessible datasets, standardized evaluation protocols, and interpretable AI frameworks to ensure clinically reliable and equitable voice-based PD diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12111279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T08:59:46Z","timestamp":1763715586000},"page":"1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Voice-Based Detection of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Machine and Deep Learning Approaches: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hadi","family":"Sedigh Malekroodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong-il","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Digital Healthcare Research Center, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4864-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myunggi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Digital Healthcare Research Center, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00280-3","article-title":"Parkinson Disease-Associated Cognitive Impairment","volume":"7","author":"Aarsland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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