{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:46:35Z","timestamp":1763718395946,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23A20471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) alters lower-limb biomechanics. While gait and running are well-studied, the multi-phase side-cutting remains poorly understood, particularly regarding phase-specific adaptations after ACLR. (2) Methods: Thirty-four patients (19 male, 15 female) at nine months post-ACLR participated. Biomechanical data during side-cutting were collected using synchronized motion capture and force platforms. Knee joint kinematics and kinetics were analyzed over three phases: initial contact-deceleration, stance pivot, and push-off. (3) Results: During the initial contact-deceleration, the reconstructed limb exhibited greater knee external rotation at the first posterior ground reaction force (pGRF) peak (8.5\u00b0 vs. 6.3\u00b0, p = 0.021), and reduced knee flexion (43.2\u00b0 vs. 47.3\u00b0, p &lt; 0.001) with a lower extension moment at the second pGRF peak (0.10 vs. 0.14 BW\u00b7BH; p &lt; 0.001). The stance pivot phase was marked by significantly lower knee flexion (p = 0.001), extension moment (p &lt; 0.001), and medial\/vertical GRFs on the reconstructed side (0.49 vs. 0.52 BW, p = 0.029; 1.98 vs. 2.10 BW, p = 0.012). During the push-off, the involved limb demonstrated a significantly lower extension moment (0.008 vs. 0.014 BW\u00b7BH, p = 0.037) and anterior GRF (0.20 vs. 0.23 BW, p = 0.010). (4) Conclusions: This study proposes a three-phase compensation model for side-cutting: \u201crotational instability\u201d at initial contact, \u201cprotective unloading\u201d during the stance pivot phase, and \u201cforce-generation deficit\u201d at push-off. This three-phase framework provides a new paradigm for evaluating dynamic knee function after ACLR and guiding phase-specific rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12121280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T08:59:46Z","timestamp":1763715586000},"page":"1280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomechanical Compensation Patterns Across Different Phases of Side-Cutting Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xialin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7032-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longting","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9644-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingfang","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512459638","article-title":"Current concepts for injury prevention in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"41","author":"Hewett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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