{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1782164139249,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This study investigated the contribution of lower limb kinetics to punch performance in amateur boxing and examined the effects of fatigue on biomechanical efficiency. Methods: Ten male amateur boxers performed six punch types (jab, cross, left hook, right hook, left uppercut, right uppercut) under non-fatigued and post-fatigue conditions. Ground reaction force (GRF) and rate of force development (RFD) were measured using dual force plates, while punch outputs were assessed via a boxing force sensor. Fatigue was induced using a 9.5 min lower-body circuit. Results: Pre-fatigue, the cross punch generated the highest outputs for punch force (1475.42 N), GRF (947.54 N), and RFD (3973.38 N\/s). Post-fatigue, punch force declined significantly across all punches (\u20134.26%, p = 0.027), with the greatest reductions in the cross and left hook. RFD responses were variable, with compensatory increases observed in some punches. Intra-individual analysis revealed greater fatigue-induced declines in the weakest punches (\u20139.84%, p = 0.001) compared with the strongest (\u20134.63%, p = 0.027). Conclusions: Lower limb force generation, particularly rear-leg drive, is critical to punch effectiveness and fatigue resilience. Conditioning programs should prioritise lower limb endurance while addressing performance variability across punch types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12121355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:30:17Z","timestamp":1765528217000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Lower Limb Kinetics in Boxing Punches and the Impact of Fatigue on Biomechanical Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute (SPARI), University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, Scotland G72 0LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Cornett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute (SPARI), University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, Scotland G72 0LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2187-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaodong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dutheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ukadike Chris","family":"Ugbolue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute (SPARI), University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, Scotland G72 0LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"102743","article-title":"The spectrum of acute and chronic consequences of neurotrauma in professional and amateur boxing: A call to action is advocated to better understand and prevent this phenomenon","volume":"4","author":"Voruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001195","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating head trauma in boxing","volume":"33","author":"Donnelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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