{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:00:47Z","timestamp":1791313247893,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82472590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC3602704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3602704"]}]},{"name":"Program of Rehabilitation Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["yskf2-23-1107-1, yskf3-23-1107-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["yskf2-23-1107-1, yskf3-23-1107-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has garnered growing attention owing to its high spatial resolution and precise targeting capability for deep brain structures. A body of evidence demonstrates that tFUS can effectively modulate neural activity in specific brain regions, inducing excitatory or inhibitory effects, and it is an important means to reshape neural functions. Ultrasound parameters are crucial in determining the transcranial ultrasound modulation effects. However, there is still controversy over which parameters can regulate neural excitability or inhibition, and there are significant differences in the parameters used in previous studies, which have limited the clinical application of transcranial ultrasound to some extent. Therefore, a systematic clarification of parameter\u2013effect relationships is urgently needed to enable qualitative and quantitative understanding of ultrasound-induced neuromodulation, which is essential for achieving reliable and reproducible outcomes. This paper intends to review the effects of different tFUS parameters and their combinations on the excitability and inhibition of brain neural activities as well as the possible mechanisms. By integrating recent findings from both animal models and human clinical studies, we also discuss critical safety issues related to tFUS, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for future transcranial focused ultrasound modulation treatments for various neurological diseases such as stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease, dementia, epilepsy, pain disorders, and disorders of consciousness while providing reference value for selecting tFUS treatment regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T23:52:27Z","timestamp":1766706747000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parameter-Determined Effects: Advances in Transcranial Focused Ultrasound for Modulating Neural Excitation and Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qin-Ling","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shou-Kun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ruijin Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai 200023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200135, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3660-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Xian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Pei, G., Ji, Z., Liu, X., Yan, T., Li, W., and Suo, D. 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