{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T15:13:13Z","timestamp":1775920393407,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs and \u00d6ssur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT17303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT17303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2019-04106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-04106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sitting and standing with conventional hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle\u2013foot (HKAF) prostheses are demanding tasks for hip disarticulation (HD) amputees due to the passive nature of current prosthetic hip joints that cannot assist with moment generation. This study developed a sitting and standing control strategy for a motorized hip joint and evaluated whether providing active assistance reduces the intact side demand of these activities. Methods: A dedicated control strategy was developed and implemented for a motorized hip prosthesis (Power Hip) compatible with existing prosthetic knees, feet, and sockets. One HD participant was trained to perform sitting and standing tasks using the Power Hip. Its performance was compared with the participant\u2019s prescribed passive HKAF prosthesis through measurements of ground reaction forces (GRFs), joint moments, and activity durations. GRFs were collected using force plates, kinematics were captured via Theia3D markerless motion capture, and joint moments were computed in Visual3D. Results: The Power Hip enabled more symmetric limb loading and faster stand-to-sit transitions (1.22 \u00b1 0.08 s vs. 2.62 \u00b1 0.41 s), while slightly prolonging sit-to-stand (1.69 \u00b1 0.49 s vs. 1.22 \u00b1 0.40 s) compared to the passive HKAF. The participant exhibited reduced intact-side loading impulses during stand-to-sit (4.97 \u00b1 0.78 N\u2219s\/kg vs. 15.06 \u00b1 2.90 N\u2219s\/kg) and decreased reliance on upper-limb support. Hip moment asymmetries between the intact and prosthetic sides were also reduced during both sit-to-stand (\u22120.18 \u00b1 0.09 N\/kg vs. \u22120.69 \u00b1 0.67 N\/kg) and stand-to-sit transitions (0.77 \u00b1 0.20 N\/kg vs. 2.03 \u00b1 0.58 N\/kg). Conclusions: The prototype and control strategy demonstrated promising improvements in sitting and standing performance compared to conventional passive prostheses, reducing the physical demand on the intact limb and upper body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and Evaluation of Stand-to-Sit and Sit-to-Stand Control Protocols for a HIP\u2013Knee\u2013Ankle\u2013Foot Prosthesis with a Motorized Hip Joint"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-8793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farshad","family":"Golshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7025-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Baddour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Gholizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nielen Orthotics and Prosthetics, Ottawa, ON K2A 2C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4693-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward D.","family":"Lemaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508095088","article-title":"Functional outcome of hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy: A cross-sectional national descriptive study in the Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Yari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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