{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:53:36Z","timestamp":1790985216480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003569","name":"the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-00331775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00331775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to propose a non-pharmacological approach to pain relief by analyzing changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters following transcutaneous microcurrent stimulation generated according to the pulse train characteristics of intensity and frequency. Therefore, we analyze and interpret stimulation methods that induce parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, which is the clinical basis for pain relief. There were 14 male participants, with a height of 176.08 \u00b1 7.05 cm, a weight of 77.07 \u00b1 10.32 Kg, and an age of 26.35 \u00b1 1.71 years, and 10 female participants, with a height of 160.6 \u00b1 5.88 cm, a weight of 52.9 \u00b1 9.03 Kg, and an age of 24 \u00b1 1.61 years. The microcurrent stimulation patch was attached to the left wrist. In order to observe the PNS induction effect of the measured electrocardiograms, time and frequency domains were analyzed and additional nonlinear analysis was performed. Data measurements had a rest period of more than 1 h depending on the intensity, and more than 1 day depending on the frequency to ensure sufficient stabilization time. Although physiological changes were shown differently in various pulse trains, among them, after 7 Vpp microcurrent stimulation at 1 Hz, the values of the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals and instantaneous RR interval variability, which indicate PNS activity in the subjects, significantly increased from 41.31 \u00b1 34.13, 29.23 \u00b1 24.14 ms to 65.09 \u00b1 32.46, 44.56 \u00b1 37.92 ms (p &lt; 0.05). Activation of PNS, which can relieve pain, was confirmed only in the 7 Vpp with 1 Hz stimulation. This suggests that microcurrent stimulation can relieve pain in a non-pharmacological way by inducing activation of PNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Effective Microcurrent Stimulation Method for Inducing Non-Pharmacological Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity for Pain Relief"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daechang","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Bio Medi Campus, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6260-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeeun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk ro, Ilsandonggu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk ro, Ilsandonggu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01311-2","article-title":"Pain: An overview","volume":"353","author":"Loeser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45178","article-title":"What is this thing called pain?","volume":"120","author":"Woolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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