{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:10:19Z","timestamp":1793812219104,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human gut microbiota plays a key role in neurochemical communication, especially through the gut\u2013brain axis. There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota influences dopamine metabolism through both production and consumption mechanisms. Two key bacterial enzymes are central to this process: tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC), which primarily catalyzes the decarboxylation of tyrosine to tyramine but can also act on L-DOPA to produce dopamine in certain bacterial strains, and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which can convert precursors such as L-DOPA, tryptophan, or 5-hydroxytryptophan into bioactive amines including dopamine, tryptamine, and serotonin. Identifying the bacterial families corresponding to TDC and AADC enzymes opens new avenues for clinical intervention, particularly in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease. Moreover, elucidating strain-specific microbial contribution and host-microbe interactions may enable personalized therapeutic strategies, such as selective microbial enzyme inhibitors or tailored probiotics, to optimize dopamine metabolism. Emerging technologies, including biosensors and organ-on-chip platforms, offer new tools to monitor and manipulate microbial dopamine activity. This article explores the bacterial taxa capable of producing or consuming dopamine, focusing on the enzymatic mechanisms involved and the methodologies available for studying these processes in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut Microbiota and Dopamine: Producers, Consumers, Enzymatic Mechanisms, and In Vivo Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8642-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Albani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurorehabilitation of Veruno Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 28013 Gattico-Veruno, Piedmont, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasuki Ranjani","family":"Chellamuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth\/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Morlacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurorehabilitation of Veruno Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 28013 Gattico-Veruno, Piedmont, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Zirone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Youssefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Science and Technology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marica","family":"Giardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurorehabilitation of Veruno Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 28013 Gattico-Veruno, Piedmont, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Xia","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng-King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth\/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","article-title":"Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host\u2019s metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. 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