{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T05:46:34Z","timestamp":1782625594404,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["2024C03129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03129"]}]},{"name":"Pioneer R&D Program of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["2025C01158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01158"]}]},{"name":"Construction Research Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2024K184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024K184"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Wenzhou","award":["ZS2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZS2023002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urgent need for effective food waste management, coupled with the scarcity of carbon sources for sewage treatment, highlights the potential of producing carbon sources from food waste as a mutually beneficial solution. This study investigated the production of carbon sources through anaerobic fermentation using the liquid phase of food waste three-phase separation. Compared with previous studies using raw food waste or mixed substrates, the liquid phase derived from three-phase separation is richer in soluble organic matter and has been pre-heated (80 \u00b0C), which facilitates subsequent fermentation and offers easier integration into existing food waste treatment plants. A series of lab-scale batch fermentation experiments were carried out at different temperatures, including ambient, mesophilic, and thermophilic conditions, as well as varying initial pH levels (uncontrolled, neutral, and alkaline). The experimental results indicated that optimal production parameters involve a 4-day mesophilic fermentation at 35 \u00b0C with an initial alkaline pH, which increased the total VFAs yield by 252.5% to 40.26 g\/L and raised the acetic acid fraction to 45.5% of total VFAs. Under these conditions, there was an observed increase in the relative abundance of acidogenic bacteria and a decrease in that of methanogen archaea. Furthermore, the denitrification performance of the produced carbon source was evaluated in short-term tests, and near-complete nitrate removal was achieved within approximately 2 h. These findings suggest the fermented liquid phase of food waste is a promising partial substitute for conventional external carbon sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1767620147000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Production of Carbon Sources Through Anaerobic Fermentation Using the Liquid Phase of Food Waste Three-Phase Separation: Influencing Factors and Microbial Community Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yangqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fair Friend Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Hangzhou Polytechnic University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enwei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Environmental Protection Technology Group Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Environmental Protection Technology Group Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Environmental Protection Technology Group Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.140632","article-title":"Understanding the Food Waste Behaviour in University Students: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour","volume":"437","author":"Akhter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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