{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:52:18Z","timestamp":1785437538222,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Not applicable","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dentofacial anomalies, including malocclusion, emerge from the interplay of genetic, clinical, and environmental determinants. Understanding the factors associated with these anomalies is crucial at the primary care level. Our study aimed to determine the possible associated factors with dentofacial anomalies in patients attended at the primary care level. Methods: A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to a primary care population, with the presence of dentofacial anomalies as the dependent variable. Independent variables included age and selected clinical conditions of dental and neurological origin. Results: Age was inversely associated with dentofacial anomalies (OR = 0.991; 95% CI 0.985\u20130.998; p = 0.013). Significant clinical factors included vertigo (OR = 2.59; 95% CI 1.42\u20134.71; p = 0.002), hearing loss (OR = 4.34; 95% CI 2.44\u20137.72; p &lt; 0.001), trigeminal neuralgia (OR = 8.54; 95% CI 3.22\u201322.67; p &lt; 0.001), Bell\u2019s palsy (OR = 9.19; 95% CI 4.01\u201321.04; p &lt; 0.001), caries limited to enamel (OR = 17.92; 95% CI 12.99\u201324.71; p &lt; 0.001), and acute gingivitis (OR = 10.64; 95% CI 5.61\u201320.20; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Both oral and neurological conditions showed strong associations with dentofacial anomalies. The model identified key factors that may facilitate early detection and guide the development of targeted preventive strategies in oral health practice and policy, supporting the integration of multidisciplinary approaches to patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:26:56Z","timestamp":1767774416000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Dentofacial Anomalies [Including Malocclusion] in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo Erik","family":"Sanchez-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Academica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lopez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar \u201cDivisi\u00f3n del Norte\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04840, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Brito-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Educaci\u00f3n Continua Sociedad Civil, Ciudad Nezahualc\u00f3yotl 57820, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9639-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleli Julieta","family":"Izquierdo-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Academica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Beltran-Lagunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Educaci\u00f3n Continua Sociedad Civil, Ciudad Nezahualc\u00f3yotl 57820, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1555-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Patricia","family":"Fuentes-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Especialidades Dentales \u201cDr. Honorato Villa Acosta\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06900, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perla Veronica","family":"Salinas-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201c20 de Noviembre\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03104, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6728-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Ortega-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar \u201cGustavo A. 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