{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T03:04:04Z","timestamp":1768532644650,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["2020R1F1A1071733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1071733"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop an immersive virtual reality (VR) program and conduct preliminary evaluation of its feasibility and learner perception for enhancing nursing students\u2019 clinical practicum education. The VR program was designed using the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) and implemented on the UNITY 3D platform. Expert evaluation was conducted through a VR application, and its effectiveness was further assessed among 25 fourth-year nursing students in terms of immersion, presence, and satisfaction. The expert evaluation yielded a mean score of 6.54 out of 7, indicating acceptable content validity. Among learners, evaluation demonstrated immersion at 42.28 \u00b1 2.37 out of 50 (95% CI: 41.30\u201343.26), presence at 81.36 \u00b1 7.32 out of 95 (95% CI: 78.34\u201384.38), and satisfaction at 13.48 \u00b1 1.26 out of 15 (95% CI: 12.96\u201314.00). Overall, the developed VR program demonstrated acceptable expert validity and positive learner perceptions. These preliminary findings suggest feasibility as a supplementary practicum. However, the single-group design without control comparison and reliance on self-reported measures preclude conclusions about educational effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Nursing Program Involving Patients with Respiratory Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2091-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Joo","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 24 Beomil-ro 579 Beongil, Gangneung-si 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Sik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Healthcare, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro 579 Beongil, Gangneung-si 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Science Research Institute, College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa447_162","article-title":"Virtual reality in neurosurgical education: Modernizing the medical classroom","volume":"67","author":"Atli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12959","DOI":"10.2196\/12959","article-title":"Virtual reality for health professions education: Systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration","volume":"21","author":"Kyaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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