{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1789557373370,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Education","award":["Title-III HBGI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Title-III HBGI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review explores the transformative role of three-dimensional (3D) printing in radiation therapy for cancer treatment, emphasizing its potential to deliver patient-specific, cost-effective, and sustainable medical devices. The integration of 3D printing enables rapid fabrication of customized boluses, compensators, immobilization devices, and GRID collimators tailored to individual anatomical and clinical requirements. Comparative analysis reveals that additive manufacturing surpasses conventional machining in design flexibility, lead time reduction, and material efficiency, while offering significant cost savings and recyclability benefits. Case studies demonstrate that 3D-printed GRID collimators achieve comparable dosimetric performance to traditional devices, with peak-to-valley dose ratios optimized for spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Furthermore, emerging applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in conjunction with 3D printing promise automated treatment planning, generative device design, and real-time quality assurance, and are paving the way for adaptive and intelligent radiotherapy solutions. Regulatory considerations, including FDA guidelines for additive manufacturing, are discussed to ensure compliance and patient safety. Despite challenges such as material variability, workflow standardization, and large-scale clinical validation, evidence indicates that 3D printing significantly enhances therapeutic precision, reduces toxicity, and improves patient outcomes. This review underscores the synergy between 3D printing and AI-driven innovations as a cornerstone for next-generation radiation oncology, offering a roadmap for clinical adoption and future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13010115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1768834734000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Review of 3D-Printed Medical Devices for Cancer Radiation Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Radiah","family":"Pinckney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh Kumar","family":"Parupelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sandwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, OhioHealth, 335 Glessner Ave, Mansfield, OH 44903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salil","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-23-0411","article-title":"Updating the Definition of Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, November 12). Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cancer#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s43046-021-00088-y","article-title":"Reviewing cancer\u2019s biology: An eclectic approach","volume":"33","author":"Karidio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac238","article-title":"Lifestyle, genetic risk and incidence of cancer: A prospective cohort study of 13 cancer types","volume":"52","author":"Byrne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-024-01174-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation: Elucidating mechanisms of smoking-attributable pathology for therapeutic targeting","volume":"48","author":"Addissouky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, October 10). Cancer Classification|SEER Training, Available online: https:\/\/training.seer.cancer.gov\/disease\/categories\/classification.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.009","article-title":"Embracing cancer complexity: Hallmarks of systemic disease","volume":"187","author":"Swanton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"59","article-title":"Cancer: Unraveling the Complexities of Uncontrolled Growth and Metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"PEXACY Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2443198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.43198","article-title":"Global Disparities of Cancer and Its Projected Burden in 2050","volume":"7","author":"Bizuayehu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmadani, M., Klara, S., Mustafa, M., Kiptulon, E.K., and Orsolya, M. (2025). Global Burden of Rare Cancers: Insights from GLOBOCAN 2022 Estimates. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17101721"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group (2025, October 15). U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Visualizations Tool. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/dataviz."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, June 10). United States Cancer Statistics (USCS), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/united-states-cancer-statistics\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2025, December 02). Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries\u2014GCO IARC. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.asia\/global-cancer-statistics-2022-globocan-estimates-of-incidence-and-mortality-worldwide-for-36-cancers-in-185-countries\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35278","article-title":"The GLOBOCAN 2022 cancer estimates: Data sources, methods, and a snapshot of the cancer burden worldwide","volume":"156","author":"Filho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02817-y","article-title":"Precision oncology: Transforming cancer care through personalized medicine","volume":"42","author":"Pal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Fu, Q., Bai, X., and Liang, T. (2020). Molecular Profiling\u2013Based Precision Medicine in Cancer: A Review of Current Evidence and Challenges. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.532403"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brlek, P., \u0160karo, V., Hrvatin, N., Buli\u0107, L., Petrovi\u0107, A., Proji\u0107, P., Smoli\u0107, M., Shah, P., and Primorac, D. (2025). Advances in Precision Oncology: From Molecular Profiling to Regulatory-Approved Targeted Therapies. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17213500"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-024-01614-7","article-title":"Advances in cancer genomics and precision oncology","volume":"47","author":"Heo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, I.W., Vo, H.H., Chen, Y.S., Baysal, M.A., Kahle, M., Johnson, A., and Tsimberidou, A.M. (2023). Precision oncology: Evolving clinical trials across tumor types. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15071967"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.3332","article-title":"Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"315","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025, December 04). Cancer Screening Guidelines|Detecting Cancer Early. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/screening\/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3121","article-title":"Cancer Causes and Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1536","article-title":"Surgery for Cancer: A Trigger for Metastases","volume":"77","author":"Tohme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cryosurgery-a review of recent advances and current issues","volume":"23","author":"Gage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cryoletters"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2021, June 21). Cryosurgery to Treat Cancer\u2014NCI, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/surgery\/cryosurgery."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2454","article-title":"Chemotherapy and its Adverse Effects\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Simrat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, May 15). Chemotherapy to Treat Cancer\u2014NCI, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/chemotherapy."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00648-7","article-title":"DNA damage repair: Historical perspectives, mechanistic pathways and clinical translation for targeted cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01823-2","article-title":"Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Dillman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2138793","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38793","article-title":"Anticancer Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration from 2009 to 2020 According to Their Mechanism of Action","volume":"4","author":"Olivier","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-12-1016","article-title":"Hormone Therapy to Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"117","author":"Grady","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"311","article-title":"Targeted Therapies: A New Generation of Cancer Treatments","volume":"77","author":"Gerber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2014.05.003","article-title":"Toxicity of targeted therapy: Implications for response and impact of genetic polymorphisms","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, May 15). Radiation Therapy for Cancer\u2014NCI, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/radiation-therapy."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025, June 09). How Radiation Therapy Is Used to Treat Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/managing-cancer\/treatment-types\/radiation\/basics.html."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Cleveland Clinic (2022, September 07). Radiation Therapy for Cancer: How Does It Work?. Available online: https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/17637-radiation-therapy."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3635","article-title":"Cancer and Radiation Therapy: Current Advances and Future Directions","volume":"9","author":"Baskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Aldawood, F.K., Desai, S., and Chang, S. (June, January 30). Additive Manufacturing of Compensator Devices for Radiation Therapy. Proceedings of the 2020 IISE Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA. Available online: https:\/\/par.nsf.gov\/biblio\/10197265-additive-manufacturing-compensator-devices-radiation-therapy."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10077","DOI":"10.1002\/mds3.10077","article-title":"Design and manufacture of a high precision personalized electron bolus device for radiation therapy","volume":"3","author":"Aldawood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Devices Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Materialise (2022, August 03). Why 3D Printing Offers Radiotherapy Tremendous Potential. Available online: https:\/\/www.materialise.com\/en\/inspiration\/articles\/3d-printing-offers-radiotherapy-tremendous-potential."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Formlabs (2025, September 10). Guide to 3D Printing Medical Devices: From Prototyping to Commercialization. Available online: https:\/\/formlabs.com\/blog\/3d-printing-in-medicine-healthcare\/."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"10","article-title":"3D Printing Applications for Radiology: An Overview","volume":"31","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, May 15). External Beam Radiation Therapy for Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/radiation-therapy\/external-beam#:~:text=electrons-,Photons,into%20normal%20tissue%20past%20it."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"American Cancer Society, and American Society of Clinical Oncology (2025, June 09). Getting External Beam Radiation Therapy. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/managing-cancer\/treatment-types\/radiation\/external-beam-radiation-therapy.html."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.01.073","article-title":"A Current Review of Spatial Fractionation: Back to the Future","volume":"104","author":"Billena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Grams, M.P., Foy, J.J., and Mayr, N.A. (2022). A Dosimetric Parameter Reference Look-Up Table for GRID Collimator-Based Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041037"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Radiation Products Design, Inc (2025, September 15). GRID Photon Block, Varian Type III (with MLC), 65.4cm\u2014Radiation Products Design, Inc. Available online: https:\/\/www.rpdinc.com\/grid-photon-block-varian-type-iii-with-mlc-654cm-2668.html."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"decimal (2025, December 05). Products. Available online: https:\/\/dotdecimal.com\/products-proton-electron-or-photon-therapies\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"decimal (2025, September 20). Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Available online: https:\/\/dotdecimal.com\/msds-high-quality-us-made-raw-material\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Choi, C.H., Park, J.M., Chun, M., Han, J.H., and Kim, J. (2016). A Patient-Specific Polylactic Acid Bolus Made by a 3D Printer for Breast Cancer Radiation Therapy. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168063"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Shin, H., Kay, C.S., and Son, S.H. (2014). A Customized Bolus Produced Using a 3-Dimensional Printer for Radiotherapy. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110746"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14225","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14225","article-title":"A clinical solution for non-toxic 3D-printed photon blocks in external beam radiation therapy","volume":"25","author":"Schulz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12907","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing in radiation oncology: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Rooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-024-00782-1","article-title":"3D-printed boluses for radiotherapy: Influence of geometrical and printing parameters on dosimetric characterization and air gap evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Gugliandolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.06.004","article-title":"Dosimetric characterization of 3D printed bolus at different infill percentage for external photon beam radiotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Ricotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5603\/rpor.104014","article-title":"Application of 3D printing for personalized boluses in radiotherapy: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Zawadzka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5247","article-title":"Use of 3D printers to create a patient-specific 3D bolus for external beam therapy","volume":"16","author":"Burleson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2015.11.003","article-title":"Three-dimensional customized bolus for intensity-modulated radiotherapy in a patient with Kimura\u2019s disease involving the auricle","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer\/Radioth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31090386","article-title":"A Customized 3D-Printed Bolus for High-Risk Breast Cancer with Skin Infiltration: A Pilot Study","volume":"31","author":"Takanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.04.023","article-title":"Efficacy of patient-specific bolus created using three-dimensional printing technique in photon radiotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-023-00727-0","article-title":"Evaluation of 3D-printed bolus for radiotherapy using megavoltage X-ray beams","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"76","article-title":"Utilization of a 3D printer to fabricate boluses used for electron therapy of skin lesions of the eye canthi","volume":"18","author":"Jezierska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.4959","article-title":"Potential of 3D printing technologies for fabrication of electron bolus and proton compensators","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"IntraOp Medical, Inc (2025, October 16). Electron Therapy for Skin Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/intraop.com\/electron-therapy-for-skin-cancer\/."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2025.101936","article-title":"But are They Equivalent?","volume":"56","author":"Phillips","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"22","article-title":"Bolus in Radiation Therapy: The Versatility of Water","volume":"25","author":"Miescke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405617666210202114336","article-title":"Evaluating 3D-printed Bolus Compared to Conventional Bolus Types Used in External Beam Radiation Therapy","volume":"17","author":"McCallum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i4.4831","article-title":"Design and production of 3D printed bolus for electron radiation therapy","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-024-01385-1","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of patient specific bolus for radiotherapy: Large scale production and quality assurance","volume":"47","author":"Basaula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussi, E., Simontacchi, G., Talamonti, C., Servi, M., Furferi, R., Volpe, Y., Protesti, L., Carfagni, M., and Pallotta, S. (2022). A rapid prototyping strategy for manufacturing of personalized bolus. Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91234-5_21"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2025.10255","article-title":"Methodology for design and additive manufacturing of radiotherapy bolus using 3D scanning: A low-cost alternative","volume":"5","author":"Arrieta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Des. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S1460396917000115","article-title":"The use of 3D printing within radiation therapy to improve bolus conformity: A literature review","volume":"16","author":"Pugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Radiother. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, L., Fahimian, B.P., and Yu, A.S. (2019). Tungsten filled 3D printed field shaping devices for electron beam radiation therapy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217757"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12421","article-title":"Production of patient-specific electron beam aperture cut-outs using a low-cost, multi-purpose 3D printer","volume":"19","author":"Michiels","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, E., Raponi, S., Fionda, B., Vaccaro, M., Lancellotta, V., Napolitano, A., Ciasca, G., Bannoni, L., Cornacchione, P., and Tagliaferri, L. (2025). 3D-Printed Devices in Interventional Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy) Applications: A Literature Review. J. Pers. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15060262"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.36348\/sjmps.2025.v11i04.006","article-title":"3-D Printing Dosimetry in Radiation Oncology: An Updated Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Algethami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi J. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2011.05.081","article-title":"Comparison of modulated electron radiotherapy to conventional electron boost irradiation and volumetric modulated photon arc therapy for treatment of tumour bed boost in breast cancer","volume":"100","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10527-021-10034-w","article-title":"Applicability of 3D-Printed Polymer Compensators for Modulated Electron Radiotherapy (MERT)","volume":"54","author":"Grigorieva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5603\/rpor.101092","article-title":"Design and performance validation of a novel 3d printed thin-walled and transparent electron beam applicators for intraoperative radiation therapy with beam energy up to 12 MeV","volume":"29","author":"Misiarz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2023.168996","article-title":"Investigation of the possibility of shaping an electron dose field of a clinical accelerator with 3D printed polymer products","volume":"1059","author":"Miloichikova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533033819870208","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819870208","article-title":"A Systematic Review on 3D-Printed Imaging and Dosimetry Phantoms in Radiation Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Tino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, J.B., Gibson, C., Dubrowski, P., Marquez, C.M., Million, L., Qian, Y., Skinner, L., and Yu, A.S. (2023). Shaping success: Clinical implementation of a 3D-printed electron cutout program in external beam radiation therapy. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1237037"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2024.101747","article-title":"Use of 3D printing technology for custom bolus fabrication in the management of palmar or plantar fibromatosis with radiotherapy: A retrospective case series","volume":"55","author":"Owen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"11","article-title":"645.Design and manufacturing of 3D printed parts for radiotherapy application","volume":"40","author":"Kaltrine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Eng.-Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/pro6.1149","article-title":"A Review of Proton Therapy\u2014Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Mohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Precis. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5732\/cjc.010.10529","article-title":"Proton therapy in clinical practice","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.24.00132","article-title":"Proton Therapy: Current Status and Controversies","volume":"20","author":"Press","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Dominello, M.M., Joiner, M.C., and Burmeister, J.W. (2023). Proton versus photon radiation therapy: A clinical review. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1133909"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-019-0407-3","article-title":"New frontiers in proton therapy: Applications in cancers","volume":"39","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2024.169119","article-title":"Determination of the water equivalent thickness of 3D printed samples for the therapeutic proton beams","volume":"1061","author":"Stuchebrov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusetskiy, S.S., Smyslov, A.Y., and Ananina, A.V. (2024). 3D Printing in Electron Beams Treatment and the Prospects of Its Implementation in Routine Clinical Practice. Meditsinskaya Fiz., 111\u2013119.","DOI":"10.52775\/1810-200X-2024-103-3-111-119"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A. (2023). 3D-printing advances in radiotherapy. Advances in 3D Printing, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.104046"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035006","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac5937","article-title":"Development, Monte Carlo simulations and experimental evaluation of a 3D range-modulator for a complex target in scanned proton therapy","volume":"8","author":"Simeonov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027004","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac4d04","article-title":"Personalized 3D-printed anthropomorphic whole-body phantom irradiated by protons, photons, and neutrons","volume":"8","author":"Tillery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-025-02646-3","article-title":"Application of 3D-printed compensators for proton pencil beam scanning of shallowly localized pediatric tumors","volume":"20","author":"Wochnik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035012","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abcb1f","article-title":"Out-of-field doses for scanning proton radiotherapy of shallowly located paediatric tumours\u2014A comparison of range shifter and 3D printed compensator","volume":"66","author":"Wochnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.0131","article-title":"Proton therapy in clinical practice: Current clinical evidence","volume":"25","author":"Brada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01873-8","article-title":"Applications of various range shifters for proton pencil beam scanning radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"210","article-title":"Application of new three-dimensional printed tissue compensators in radiotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2018.08.002","article-title":"Gel dosimetry for three dimensional proton range measurements in anthropomorphic geometries","volume":"29","author":"Hillbrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4889470","article-title":"WE-F-16A-03: 3D Printer Application in Proton Therapy: A Novel Method to Deliver Passive-Scattering Proton Beams with a Fixed Range and Modulation for SRS and SRT","volume":"41","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Choi, E., Park, S.G., Kim, B., Kim, Y.W., and Kim, M. (2025). Comparative Evaluation of PEEK, 3D-Printed Titanium Mesh and Solid Titanium Implants on HU Distortion and Dose Calculation Accuracy in Radiotherapy. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app152011264"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y., Zhang, W., Zou, L., Liu, X., Yu, L., and Wang, M. (2025). Segmentation methods and dosimetric evaluation of 3D-printed immobilization devices in head and neck radiotherapy. BMC Cancer, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13669-0"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrac013","article-title":"Development and dosimetric verification of 3 D customized bolus in head and neck radiotherapy","volume":"63","author":"Chatchumnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jreije, A., Keshelava, L., Ilickas, M., Laurikaitiene, J., Urbonavicius, B.G., and Adliene, D. (2021). Development of Patient Specific Conformal 3D-Printed Devices for Dose Verification in Radiotherapy. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188657"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Ciobanu, A.C., Jarai-Szabo, F., and Balint, Z. (2025, December 10). Exploring Properties of 3D-Printed Bolus: Optimal Choices for Radiation Therapy. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipem.ac.uk\/media\/1qljvput\/3d-printing-in-rt-poster-abstracts-combined.pdf."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1148-1","article-title":"Improving 3D-printing of megavoltage X-rays radiotherapy bolus with surface-scanner","volume":"13","author":"Dipasquale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, X., Xiang, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, F., Shao, B., He, T., Ma, J., Yu, S., and Liu, L. (2021). The Clinical Application of 3D-Printed Boluses in Superficial Tumor Radiotherapy. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.698773"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.06.039","article-title":"Using 3D Printer Technology to Advance and Optimize Radiotherapy Workflow","volume":"52","author":"Malone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iftekar, S.F., Aabid, A., Amir, A., and Baig, M. (2023). Advancements and Limitations in 3D Printing Materials and Technologies: A Critical Review. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112519"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.5530\/ijpi.14.3.99","article-title":"3D Printed Medical Devices: Regulatory Standards and Technological Advancements in the USA, Canada and Singapore-A Cross-National Study","volume":"14","author":"Bhise","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2205","article-title":"Sculpting the future: A narrative review of 3D printing in plastic surgery and prosthetic devices","volume":"7","author":"Zahid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-6994-5","article-title":"Additive manufacturing-enabled design theory and methodology: A critical review","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attene, M., Livesu, M., Lefebvre, S., Mart\u00ednez, J., Funkhouser, T., Rusinkiewicz, S., Bermano, A.H., and Ellero, S. (2018). Design, Representations, and Processing for Additive Manufacturing, Springer Nature. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02596-9"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sossou, G., Demoly, F., Gomes, S., and Montavon, G. (2022). An Assembly-Oriented Design Framework for Additive Manufacturing. Designs, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/designs6010020"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ACE-3867","DOI":"10.59429\/ace.v7i2.3867","article-title":"Advancements in 3D printing materials: A comparative analysis of performance and applications","volume":"7","author":"Subramani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4028\/p-SW7fjl","article-title":"Techno-Economic Analysis between Traditional and Fused-Deposition Modeling-Based Additive Manufacturing","volume":"999","author":"Nivasanon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5340616","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5340616","article-title":"The role of 3D printing in medical applications: A state of the art","volume":"2019","author":"Aimar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2019.238.243","article-title":"Investigating rapid thermoform tooling via additive manufacturing (3d printing)","volume":"16","author":"Haeberle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Xometry (2024, April 18). 3D Printing vs. CNC Machining: Differences & Comparison. Available online: https:\/\/xometry.pro\/en\/guides\/ebook-3d-printing-vs-cnc-machining\/."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-00799-8","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing versus conventional machining in the creation of a meatal urethral dilator: Development and mechanical testing","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Doherty, C. (2024, August 13). Cost Comparison: CNC Machining vs. 3D Printing. Available online: https:\/\/cncmachines.com\/cost-comparison-cnc-machining-vs-3d-printing."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"461","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of medical instruments: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"27","author":"Culmone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2017.05.011","article-title":"The rise of 3-D printing: The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing","volume":"60","author":"Attaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2020.100689","article-title":"On the environmental impacts of 3D printing technology","volume":"20","author":"Khosravani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"2618","article-title":"A comparison between large-format 3D printing and conventional fused filament fabrication","volume":"10","author":"Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c07940","article-title":"3D Printing of High Strength Thermally Stable Sustainable Lightweight Corrosion-Resistant Nanocomposite by Solvent Exchange Postprocessing","volume":"13","author":"Ganguly","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-022-00956-4","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: Expanding 3D printing horizon in industry 4.0","volume":"17","author":"Prashar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2024.03.013","article-title":"From Tradition to Innovation: Integrating 3D Printing in the Creation of Wooden Artistic and Furniture Products","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2098","article-title":"Closing the Loop: Toward Sustainable 3D Print Recycling in the Clinic","volume":"117","author":"Dubrowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassab, A., Al Nabhani, D., Mohanty, P., Pannier, C., and Ayoub, G.Y. (2023). Advancing Plastic Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities in the Integration of 3D Printing and Distributed Recycling for a Circular Economy. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15193881"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habiba, R.D., Mal\u00e7a, C., and Branco, R. (2024). Exploring the Potential of Recycled Polymers for 3D Printing Applications: A Review. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17122915"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Li, T., Mohideen, M.M., Hu, P., Gupta, R., Ramakrishna, S., and Liu, Y. (2021). Realization of Circular Economy of 3D Printed Plastics: A Review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050744"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2014.0280","article-title":"Development and Initial Porcine and Cadaver Experience with Three-Dimensional Printing of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Equipment","volume":"29","author":"Okhunov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger, Y.S., Roppenecker, D.B., Stolzenburg, J.U., and Lueth, T.C. (2016, January 26\u201329). First step towards an automated designed multi-arm snake-like robot for minimally invasive surgery. Proceedings of the 2016 6th IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2016.7523661"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"704","article-title":"Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses","volume":"39","author":"Ventola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016891","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016891","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Diment","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s40712-025-00306-8","article-title":"A review article on the assessment of additive manufacturing","volume":"20","author":"Yeshiwas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159515","DOI":"10.5812\/ijcm-159515","article-title":"Dosimetric Validation and Surface Fit Evaluation of 3D-Printed Dose Boluses for Radiation Therapy Applications","volume":"18","author":"Ghediri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer Manag."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egon, A., Bell, C., and Shad, R. (2024). Additive Manufacturing for Complex Geometries. Preprints.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.2602.v1"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Stratasys (2025, November 19). 3D Printing vs. CNC Machining: Comparing Two Rapid Prototyping Alternatives; Stratasys Inc.: Eden Prairie, MN, USA, 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.stratasys.com\/contentassets\/c7d18093035d4b4cb9151b7052bfaef4\/wp_fdm_3dpvscnc_0621a.pdf?v=4966da."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olowe, M., Parupelli, S.K., and Desai, S. (2022). A Review of 3D-Printing of Microneedles. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122693"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Desai, S., and Parupelli, S. (2022). Additive manufacturing (3D printing). Maynard\u2019s Industrial and Systems Engineering Handbook, Springer International Publishing. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10167","DOI":"10.1002\/mds3.10167","article-title":"3D printing of polymeric Coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy Substrate for Corrosion Protection of biomedical implants","volume":"4","author":"Adarkwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Devices Sens."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05884-9","article-title":"Hybrid additive manufacturing (3D printing) and characterization of functionally gradient materials via in situ laser curing","volume":"110","author":"Parupelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3844\/ajeassp.2018.1076.1085","article-title":"3D Printing of Porous Scaffolds for Medical Applications","volume":"11","author":"Aljohani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"McKenzie, J., Parupelli, S.K., and Martin, R. (2017, January 20\u201323). Additive Manufacturing of Multiphase Materials for Electronics. Proceedings of the Industrial and Systems Engineering Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Santosh-Kumar-Parupelli-2\/publication\/347440627_Additive_Manufacturing_of_Multiphase_Materials_for_Electronics\/links\/5fdbcf3945851553a0c6ef7d\/Additive-Manufacturing-of-Multiphase-Materials-for-Electronics.pdf."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1668-5","article-title":"3D-Printing Technologies for Craniofacial Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, and Regeneration","volume":"45","author":"Nyberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.1237","article-title":"Development of a Novel, Low-Cost, High-fidelity Cleft Lip Repair Surgical Simulator Using Computer-Aided Design and 3-Dimensional Printing","volume":"21","author":"Reighard","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, G., Arunav, H., Dwight, S., Ghosh, M.B., Jayadev, A., and Nair, D.I. (2024). Advancing Sustainable Practices in Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review on Material Waste Recyclability. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.2215.v1"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"1553","article-title":"3D Printing in Medicine: Technologies, Materials, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"3","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borthakur, P.P., Das, A., Sahariah, J.J., Pramanik, P., Baruah, E., and Pathak, K. (2025). Revolutionizing Patient Care: 3D Printing for Customized Medical Devices and Therapeutics. Biomed. Mater. Devices, 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00324-2"},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"30","article-title":"Spatially fractionated radiation therapy: History, present and the future","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Nuclear Shields (2025, October 14). Lead Collimators\u2014Nuclear Shields. Available online: https:\/\/www.nuclear-shields.com\/imaging-solutions\/anti-scatter-grids\/lead-collimators.html."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"X Ray Grids Maker (2025, October 14). What Are the Materials of X-Ray Grid?\u2014Newheek X-Ray Grids\u2014Newheek X-Ray Grids. Available online: https:\/\/www.x-raygrid.com\/what-are-the-materials-of-x-ray-grid.html."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Wolfmet (2025, October 21). Radiation Shielding and Collimators\u2014Wolfmet. Available online: https:\/\/www.wolfmet.com\/applications\/radiation-shielding-and-collimators\/."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Jeffery, S. (2019, September 04). The Development of Tungsten Collimators May Advance Medical Imaging. Available online: https:\/\/www.itnonline.com\/article\/development-tungsten-collimators-may-advance-medical-imaging."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Connaughton, M. (2019, June 20). Complex Collimator Designs with 3D Printed Tungsten\u2014Wolfmet. Available online: https:\/\/www.wolfmet.com\/news\/complex-collimator-design-with-3d-printed-tungsten\/."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14410","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14410","article-title":"Dosimetric characterization for GRID collimator-based spatially fractionated radiation therapy: Dosimetric parameter acquisition and machine interchangeability investigation","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"44","article-title":"Comparison of Selected Materials Efficiency for SFRT GRID Collimator Using TOPAS Monte Carlo","volume":"12","author":"Muka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Phys. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.01.065","article-title":"High-dose spatially fractionated GRID radiation therapy (SFGRT): A comparison of treatment outcomes with Cerrobend vs. MLC SFGRT","volume":"82","author":"Neuner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Tang, C., Makarova, O.V., Amstutz, P.T., and Yang, G. (2011). Anti-Scatter Grid and Collimator Designs, and Their Motion, Fabrication and Assembly. (7,922,923 B2), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7922923B2\/en."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13407","article-title":"Feasibility of a Tungsten Rubber Grid Collimator for Electron Grid Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Kijima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12568","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12568","article-title":"Advances in 3D printing for polymer composites: A review","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshammari, B.A., Alsuhybani, M.S., Almushaikeh, A.M., Alotaibi, B.M., Alenad, A.M., Alqahtani, N.B., and Alharbi, A.G. (2021). Comprehensive Review of the Properties and Modifications of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13152474"},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Freund, A., Heismann, B., Maerkl, H., Schaefer, M., and Von Der Haar, T. (2009). Method for Producing an Anti-Scatter Grid or Collimator Made from Absorbing Material. (2009\/00395.62 A1), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/7f\/24\/d3\/0a312acd8f6082\/US20090039562A1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez, J., Fuentealba, M., and Santib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M. (2024). Characterization of Radiation Shielding Capabilities of High Concentration PLA-W Composite for 3D Printing of Radiation Therapy Collimators. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16060769"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.08.061","article-title":"Dosimetric Validation for Prospective Clinical Trial of GRID Collimator-Based Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy: Dose Metrics Consistency and Heterogeneous Pattern Reproducibility","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez, J., Fuentealba, M., and Santib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M. (2025). Complete Dosimetric Characterization of an In-House Manufactured SFRT Grid Collimator by 3D Printing with PLA-W Composite Filament. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17111496"},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle LLC for the US Department of Energy (2025, November 11). 3D Printed Collimators for Neutron Scattering Enables New Science and Lowers Costs, Available online: https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/blog\/3d-printed-collimators-neutron-scattering-enables-new-science-and-lowers-costs."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac8c1a","article-title":"Monte Carlo optimization of a GRID collimator for preclinical megavoltage ultra-high dose rate spatially-fractionated radiation therapy","volume":"67","author":"Clements","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2019.244.272","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): Processes, Applications and Future Potential","volume":"16","author":"Parupelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14366","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14366","article-title":"Technical note: A comparison of in-house 3D-printed and commercially available patient-specific skin collimators for use with electron beam therapy","volume":"25","author":"Herchko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kairn, T., Crowe, S.B., and Kron, T. (2023). 3D Printing in Radiation Therapy, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-3907-0"},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Vega, J.D., Schmidt, R.M., AbuHaija, M.B., Dogan, N., Pollack, A., Ford, J.C., and Shi, J. (2024). 3D printing-based telescopic collimator design for radiotherapy research. Proceedings of the AAPM 66th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 21 July 2024, American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/aapm.confex.com\/aapm\/2024am\/meetingapp.cgi\/Paper\/13169."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v11i3.3163","article-title":"Evaluation of a commercially-available block for spatially fractionated radiation therapy","volume":"11","author":"Buckey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01189-9","article-title":"Polymeric composite materials for radiation shielding: A review","volume":"19","author":"More","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Szymanski, L. (2025, October 16). The Role of Material Selection in Successful Biocompatibility Outcomes. Available online: https:\/\/ebi.bio\/the-role-of-material-selection-in-successful-biocompatibility-outcomes\/."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"229","article-title":"Development of Lead-Free Materials for Radiation Shielding in Medical Settings: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Javad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health (2022, February 18). Safety of Metals and Other Materials Used in Medical Devices, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/products-and-medical-procedures\/safety-metals-and-other-materials-used-medical-devices."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112253","article-title":"Radiation shielding polymer composites: Ray-interaction mechanism, structural design, manufacture and biomedical applications","volume":"233","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5731\/pdajpst.2012.00774","article-title":"The effect of radiation on a variety of pharmaceuticals and materials containing polymers","volume":"66","author":"Silindir","year":"2012","journal-title":"PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Azevedo, A.M., da Silveira, P.H.P.M., Lopes, T.J., da Costa, O.L.B., Monteiro, S.N., Veiga-J\u00fanior, V.F., Silveira, P.C.R., Cardoso, D.D., and da Silva Figueiredo, A.B.-H. (2025). Ionizing Radiation and Its Effects on Thermoplastic Polymers: An Overview. Polymer, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17081110"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2017.1299939","article-title":"Grid therapy using high definition multileaf collimators: Realizing benefits of the bystander effect","volume":"56","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_187","unstructured":"Desai, S., and Dean, C. (2007, January 19\u201323). Concurrent Material and Process Selection in a Flexible Design for Manufacture Paradigm. Proceedings of the IISE Annual Conference and Expo, Nashville, TN, USA. Available online: http:\/\/ncat.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/concurrent-material-process-selection-flexible\/docview\/192455928\/se-2."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2034-6","article-title":"Cyber-enabled concurrent material and process selection in a flexible design for manufacture paradigm","volume":"97","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e1rtolo, P., and Bidanda, B. (2008). Polymers, composites and nano biomaterials: Current and future developments. Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-47683-4"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e1rtolo, P., and Bidanda, B. (2008). Metallic and ceramic biomaterials: Current and future developments. Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-47683-4"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1504\/EJIE.2012.046666","article-title":"Material and process selection in product design using decision-making technique (AHP)","volume":"6","author":"Desai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration (2025, August 11). Technical Considerations for Additive Manufactured Medical Devices; Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff; Availability; Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC: Washington, DC, USA, 2017, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/medical%20devices\/published\/Technical-Considerations-for-Additive-Manufactured-Medical-Devices---Guidance-for-Industry-and-Food-and-Drug-Administration-Staff.pdf."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Garcia, A., Monzon, M., and Paz, R. (2021). Standards for additive manufacturing technologies: Structure and impact. Additive Manufacturing, Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/chapter\/edited-volume\/abs\/pii\/B9780128184110000136.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818411-0.00013-6"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, P., Stanislaus, I., McGahon, C., Pattabathula, K., Bryant, S., Pinto, N., Jenkins, J., and Meinert, C. (2023). Quality assurance in 3D-printing: A dimensional accuracy study of patient-specific 3D-printed vascular anatomical models. Front. Med. Technol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2023.1097850"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msallem, B., Vavrina, J.J., Beyer, M., Halbeisen, F.S., Lauer, G., Dragu, A., and Thieringer, F.M. (2024). Dimensional Accuracy in 3D Printed Medical Models: A Follow-Up Study on SLA and SLS Technology. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195848"},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"2284931","article-title":"C.E. Credit. Effect of Steam Sterilization on Accuracy of 3D Printed Implant Surgical Guides: A Pilot Study","volume":"52","author":"Rexin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-025-00291-w","article-title":"Dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed surgical cutting guides after hospital sterilization: A comparative evaluation of ten MEX materials","volume":"11","author":"Popescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazigi, C., Chaar, M.S., Busch, R., and Kern, M. (2023). The Effect of Sterilization on the Accuracy and Fit of 3D-Printed Surgical Guides. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155305"},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"Myhrberg, E.V., Raciti, J., and Myhrberg, B.L. (2019). A Practical Field Guide for ISO 13485: 2016: Medical Devices\u2014Quality Management Systems\u2014Requirements for Regulatory Purposes, ASQ Quality Press."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mzaf004","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzaf004","article-title":"Advancing quality management in the medical devices industry: Strategies for effective ISO 13485 implementation","volume":"37","author":"Pacheco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timiri Shanmugam, P.S., Thangaraju, P., Palani, N., and Sampath, T. (2022). ISO 13485: Medical devices\u2014Quality management systems, requirements for regulatory purposes. Medical Device Guidelines and Regulations Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91855-2"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-022-00134-y","article-title":"Interpretation of regulatory factors for 3D printing at hospitals and medical centers, or at the point of care","volume":"8","author":"Beitler","year":"2022","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"1","article-title":"Additively manufactured medical products\u2014The FDA perspective","volume":"2","author":"Coburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"145","article-title":"A state-of-the-art guide about the effects of sterilization processes on 3D-printed materials for surgical planning and medical applications: A comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Krauel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprint."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2020.103423","article-title":"Effects of multiple sterilizations and natural aging on the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed ABS","volume":"148","author":"Popescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111119","article-title":"A state-of-the-art guide to the sterilization of thermoplastic polymers and resin materials used in the additive manufacturing of medical devices","volume":"223","author":"Told","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k, G., Gombocz, P., Bogn\u00e1r, E., Nagy, P., Dinya, E., Kisp\u00e9lyi, B., and Hermann, P. (2020). Effects of disinfection and sterilization on the dimensional changes and mechanical properties of 3D printed surgical guides for implant therapy\u2014Pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1005-0"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2017.02.009","article-title":"Evaluation of 3D printing materials for fabrication of a novel multi-functional 3D thyroid phantom for medical dosimetry and image quality","volume":"135","author":"Alssabbagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25553","article-title":"Effects of radiation type and dose on the properties of selected polymers","volume":"61","author":"Burgstaller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","unstructured":"Kubyshkina, G., Zupan\u010di\u010d, B., \u0160tukelj, M., Gro\u0161elj, D., Marion, L., and Emri, I. (2011). Sterilization effect on structure, thermal and time-dependent properties of polyamides. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, Volume 3, Springer."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.09.014","article-title":"Are the common sterilization methods completely effective for our in-house 3D printed biomodels and surgical guides?","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160165","article-title":"Measuring and Establishing the Accuracy and Reproducibility of 3D Printed Medical Models","volume":"37","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moroni, G., Petr\u00f2, S., and Shao, H. (2020). On standardization efforts for additive manufacturing. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on the Industry 4.0 Model for Advanced Manufacturing, Springer. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-46212-3_11.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46212-3_11"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhari, P.K., Bhatia, D., and Sharan, J. (2022). 3D printing: Limitations, safety, and regulatory considerations for oral health science. 3D Printing in Oral Health Science: Applications and Future Directions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07369-4"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12574","article-title":"3D printed testing aids for radiographic quality control","volume":"20","author":"Ogden","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105226","article-title":"Accuracy of surgical guides manufactured with four different 3D printers. A comparative in vitro study","volume":"148","author":"Berrendero","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"4","article-title":"Digital Health and Regulatory Experimentation at the FDA","volume":"21","author":"Cortez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale J. Law Technol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badnjevi\u0107, A., Cifrek, M., Magjarevi\u0107, R., and D\u017eemi\u0107, Z. (2024). Regulations and Directives\u2014Past, present, future. Inspection of Medical Devices: For Regulatory Purposes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43444-0"},{"key":"ref_219","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health and Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (2024, January 31). Requests for Feedback and Meetings for Medical Device Submissions: The Q-Submission Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/requests-feedback-and-meetings-medical-device-submissions-q-submission-program."},{"key":"ref_220","unstructured":"Federal Drug & Administration (FDA) (2023, May 12). 3D Printing of Medical Devices, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/products-and-medical-procedures\/3d-printing-medical-devices."},{"key":"ref_221","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health (2017, December 04). FDA\u2019s Role in 3D Printing, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/3d-printing-medical-devices\/fdas-role-3d-printing."},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health (2024, January 31). Quality and Compliance (Medical Devices), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance\/quality-and-compliance-medical-devices."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12315","article-title":"Regulatory Considerations in the Design and Manufacturing of Implantable 3D-Printed Medical Devices","volume":"8","author":"Morrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","unstructured":"(2025, September 26). Centers for Devices and Radiological Health, Design Control Guidance for Medical Device Manufacturers, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/116573\/download."},{"key":"ref_225","unstructured":"National Archives and Records (2025, September 29). Code of Federal Regulations\u2014Part 820 Quality System Regulation, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-H\/part-820."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BS&S FEATURE (2022). FDA Seeks Comments on Regulatory Approaches to 3D-Printed Devices. Biomed. Saf. Stand., 52, 25\u201326. Available online: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/biomedicalsafetystandards\/fulltext\/2022\/03010\/fda_seeks_comments_on_regulatory_approaches_to.1.aspx.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BMSAS.0000821788.77678.39"},{"key":"ref_227","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health (2021, December 10). 3D Printing Medical Devices at the Point of Care: Discussion Paper, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/3d-printing-medical-devices\/3d-printing-medical-devices-point-care-discussion-paper."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuhav, I. (2018). A Complete Guide to Quality Management in the Medical Device Industry (Standard No. ISO 13485:2016).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351000796"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.01.028","article-title":"Process, Material, and Regulatory Considerations for 3D Printed Medical Devices and Tissue Constructs","volume":"36","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_230","unstructured":"National Archives and Records (2025, September 29). Code of Federal Regulations\u2014Part 803 Medical Device Reporting, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-H\/part-803."},{"key":"ref_231","unstructured":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, and U.S. Food & Drug Administration (2020, May 05). Postmarketing Adverse Event Reporting Compliance Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/surveillance\/postmarketing-adverse-event-reporting-compliance-program."},{"key":"ref_232","unstructured":"Wizemann, T. (2025, September 12). Food and Drug Administration Postmarket Surveillance Activities and Recall Studies of Medical Devices, Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(K) Clearance Process: Measuring Postmarket Performance and Other Select Topics: Workshop Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK209652\/."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ada518","article-title":"IPEM topical report: Guidance on 3D printing in radiotherapy","volume":"70","author":"McGarry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s43046-025-00314-x","article-title":"Clinical implementation of a multifaceted quality assurance phantom for high-precision radiation therapy: An institutional experience","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.791","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and the future of radiotherapy planning: The Australian radiation therapists prepare to be ready","volume":"71","author":"Panettieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrad090","article-title":"Revolutionizing radiation therapy: The role of AI in clinical practice","volume":"65","author":"Kawamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0186-1","article-title":"Secure, privacy-preserving and federated machine learning in medical imaging","volume":"2","author":"Kaissis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_238","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Biemann, C., Pattichis, C.S., and Kell, D.B. (2017). What do we need to build explainable AI systems for the medical domain?. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kehayias, C.E., Yan, Y., Bontempi, D., Quirk, S., Bitterman, D.S., Bredfeldt, J.S., Aerts, H.J.W.L., Mak, R.H., and Guthier, C.V. (2024). Prospective deployment of an automated implementation solution for artificial intelligence translation to clinical radiation oncology. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1305511"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2024.06.001","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in radiotherapy: Current applications and future trends","volume":"105","author":"Giraud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/jrcr.jrcr_66_23","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Assistive Tool for Radiotherapy Plan Evaluation Based on Analysis of Integral Dose","volume":"16","author":"Rajurkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.729","article-title":"Automation and artificial intelligence in radiation therapy treatment planning","volume":"71","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_243","first-page":"100865","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in interventional radiotherapy (brachytherapy): Enhancing patient-centered care and addressing patients\u2019 needs","volume":"49","author":"Fionda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110546","article-title":"Is full-automation in radiotherapy treatment planning ready for take off?","volume":"201","author":"Callens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14500","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14500","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based motion tracking in cancer radiotherapy: A review","volume":"25","author":"Salari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qureshi, I., Tariq, R., Habib, M., and Insha, S. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing. Artificial Intelligence in the Food Industry, CRC Press. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.1201\/9781032633602-10\/artificial-intelligence-three-dimensional-3d-printing-iqra-qureshi-ruqaya-tariq-mehvish-habib-syed-insha.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781032633602-10"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojek, I., Miko\u0142ajewski, D., Dostatni, E., and Kopowski, J. (2023). Specificity of 3D Printing and AI-Based Optimization of Medical Devices Using the Example of a Group of Exoskeletons. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021060"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandhu, K., Singh, S., Prakash, C., Sharma, N.R., and Subburaj, K. (2022). Artificial intelligence in 3D printing: A revolution in health care. Emerging Applications of 3D Printing During CoVID 19 Pandemic, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6703-6"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400102","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400102","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Additive Manufacturing: Insights on Closed-Loop 3D Printing","volume":"6","author":"Sani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojek, I., Dostatni, E., Kopowski, J., Macko, M., and Miko\u0142ajewski, D. (2022). AI-Based Support System for Monitoring the Quality of a Product within Industry 4.0 Paradigm. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218107"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.34306\/ajri.v6i2.1126","article-title":"Integrating Artificial Intelligence with 3D Printing Technology in Healthcare: Sustainable Solutions for Clinical Training Optimization","volume":"6","author":"Ikhsan","year":"2025","journal-title":"ADI J. Recent. Innov."},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"97","article-title":"AI-ASSISTED 3D printing\u2013insights on emerging trends and technologies","volume":"3","author":"Simha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Futur. Trends Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105930","article-title":"3D printed biomedical devices and their applications: A review on state-of-the-art technologies, existing challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"143","author":"Mamo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantas, J., Gallos, P., Zoulias, E., Hasman, A., Househ, M.S., Charalampidou, M., and Magdalinou, A. (2023). Implementation of 3D printing in various healthcare settings: A scoping review. Healthcare Transformation with Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, IOS Press.","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI305"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/1\/115\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T05:23:26Z","timestamp":1768973006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/1\/115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":254,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering13010115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering13010115","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}