{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:34:21Z","timestamp":1778600061905,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Occupational exposure to aerosol particles can pose a substantial health risk. The study aimed to characterise the deposition of occupationally relevant aerosols in a 3D anatomical adult nasal cavity model under steady and unsteady flows. Materials: The deposition of aerosolised wheat flour, pine wood sanding dust, carbon black, and Arizona Test Dust A3 was quantified under steady flows (5, 7.5, and 20 L\/min per nostril) and an unsteady breathing pattern generated by the commercial breathing simulator. Image analysis with custom software quantified the area covered by deposited particles. The Downstream Penetration Index (DPI) was determined from the outlet mass. Results: The highest segmental deposition occurred in the anterior segment of the lateral wall (WA) and septum (SA), with moderate values in the middle lateral wall (WM) and the lowest in the posterior lateral wall (WP, nasopharynx) and septum (SP). Arizona Test Dust A3 and carbon black demonstrated higher middle-posterior deposition and DPI, consistent with finer particle size distributions (PSD) and greater sub-10 \u00b5m fractions. In contrast, wheat flour and pine wood dust, with larger median particle sizes and lower sub-10 \u00b5m fractions, showed stronger anterior filtration and lower DPI. Increased flow enhanced anterior filtration of coarse particles and shifted deposition forward, aligning with increased inertial impaction, but elevated DPI for fine particles. Under unsteady flow, deposition was intermediate between 7.5 and 20 L\/min. Conclusions: This study shows that PSD, morphology, and flow conditions influence nasal deposition. Coarse aerosols were filtered in the anterior nose, while fine-rich aerosols showed relatively greater middle-posterior deposition and higher DPI. These findings are essential for assessing occupational exposure and developing interventions and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13020132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:55:34Z","timestamp":1769176534000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deposition of Occupational Aerosol Particles in a Three-Dimensional Adult Nasal Cavity Model: An Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8906-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rapiejko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Clinical Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6775-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz R.","family":"Sosnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7304-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Sosnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3729-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Jurkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Clinical Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1308","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.1308","article-title":"Influencing factors of particle deposition in the human nasal cavity","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryngosc. 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