{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:32Z","timestamp":1787027672508,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K02628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K02628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine ecosystems represent a largely untapped reservoir of bioactive compounds with significant pharmacological potential. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic properties of ethanol extracts from four marine species: Padina australis, Spatoglossum asperum, Holothuria (Halodeima) atra, and Hypnea valentiae. Phytochemical screening, along with a comprehensive series of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico assays, was performed to evaluate the extracts\u2019 pharmacological activities, including antioxidant potential (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), anti-inflammatory effect (carrageenan-induced paw edema method), analgesic activity (acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests), and anti-arthritic efficacy (protein denaturation assay). The extracts were found to be rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, which may underlie the observed bioactivities. In the acetic acid\u2013induced writhing test, Hypnea valentiae at 400 mg\/kg exhibited the highest peripheral analgesic activity, producing 82.51% inhibition of writhing (p &lt; 0.001). In the tail immersion assay, Padina australis at doses of 200 and 400 mg\/kg showed significant central analgesic effects, as evidenced by increased latency time and percentage of maximum possible effect (MPE). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, several treatment groups, including Padina australis, Hypnea valentiae, Spatoglossum asperum, and Holothuria atra, at both tested doses showed marked suppression of inflammation, with some groups achieving complete inhibition (100%; p &lt; 0.001) at 120 min. The ethanol extract of Holothuria atra exhibited the strongest antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities, with an IC50 value of 88.39 \u00b5g\/mL in the DPPH assay and 81.35% inhibition of protein denaturation. Additionally, the compounds derived from the four marine species exhibited significant binding affinity to the selected target receptors, thereby validating the experimental findings. The marine species studied possess multifaceted pharmacological properties, supporting their potential as natural sources for developing therapeutic agents supporting the blue economy. Further studies are recommended to isolate active compounds and elucidate underlying mechanisms to support future drug development efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13020158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:40:22Z","timestamp":1769622022000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrated In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Anti-Arthritic Activities of Selected Marine Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2937-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Jahin","family":"Khandakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0333-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainun","family":"Nahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Eastern University, Dhaka 1345, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Wahidul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1926-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Jahirul Islam","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Sayeed Muhammad","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Oceanography, Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Cox\u2019s Bazar, Chittagong 4750, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3006-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asef","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6420-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Enamul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israt Sultana","family":"Isha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5158-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafisa","family":"Nawsheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saika","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3913-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Riasat Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Bin","family":"Ihsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Eastern University, Dhaka 1345, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, K., Nascimento, L.D.D., Lima, A.L., Damasceno, V., Nahum, C., Braga, R.C., and Lameira, J. 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