{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:35:05Z","timestamp":1770334505713,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["NIH R01AR069006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01AR069006"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["K24AR072133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AR072133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study investigated proximal femur bone shape asymmetry and its associations with cartilage composition and functional performance in individuals with hip osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-seven participants with hip OA (mean age: 53.77 \u00b1 12.47 years; 22 females; BMI: 24.49 \u00b1 4.0 kg\/m2) were included in this study. Bilateral hip MRI was performed using a 3.0 T MR scanner with 3D proton density fat-saturated CUBE and MAPSS sequences. Automatic segmentation of the proximal femur was achieved using a U-Net framework refined through a human-in-the-loop annotation strategy, followed by three-dimensional bone shape analysis to quantify asymmetry. Cartilage relaxation times were assessed using atlas-based segmentation and quantification, while functional activity was evaluated according to OARSI-recommended criteria. The proposed proximal femur bone segmentation showed a DSC of 96.48% (95%-CI: 96.33\u201396.64) and Hausdorff Distance of 4.66 mm (95%-CI: 3.80\u20135.51). Increased bone shape asymmetry in the posterior\u2013lateral\u2013superior region of the proximal femur was associated with functional activity in the chair stand test (rho = \u22120.41; p = 0.006), and the anterior\u2013lateral\u2013inferior region demonstrated a comparatively higher significant positive correlation (rho\u00a0=\u00a00.37; p = 0.006) with the T1rho\u00a0values of the acetabular cartilage region. Overall, the findings indicate that region-specific proximal femoral bone shape asymmetry in hip OA is associated with cartilage characteristics and functional impairment, highlighting the potential value of bone shape features as imaging biomarkers relevant to clinical function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13020184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:35:37Z","timestamp":1770287737000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-Based Proximal Bone Shape Asymmetry Analysis and Clinical Correlation with Cartilage Relaxation Times and Functional Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5593-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafeek","family":"Thahakoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KMEA Engineering College, Edathala, Aluva 683561, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9893-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupsa","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misung","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix Gerhard","family":"Gassert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Luitjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pedoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0201-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmila","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\u00a0of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/17-084","article-title":"Hip Osteoarthritis: A Primer","volume":"22","author":"Lespasio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perm. 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