{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:01:47Z","timestamp":1772107307787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62276122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62276122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12126603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12126603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2023A1515011956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011956"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2024A1515012291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012291"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate segmentation of the intercondylar notch of the femur is of great significance for the diagnosis of knee joint diseases, surgical planning, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Among them, the obvious anatomical heterogeneity, the interference of structurally similar tissues, and the blurred boundaries in MRI images make the segmentation of the intercondylar notch challenging. The segmentation of the intercondylar notch is often regarded as a standard semantic segmentation problem, but doing so leaves the inherent high-order internal variation and low-contrast features of its anatomical structure unresolved. We proposed a new Wavelet Multi-scale Contextual Attention Network (WMCA-Net). We have coordinated the Shallow High-frequency Feature Dense Extraction Block (SHFDEB) and Wavelet Split and Fusion Block (WSFB) modules with each other. The SHFDEB intensively extracts high-frequency detailed features at the shallowest layer of the network, while the WSFB effectively splits and fuses features at various resolutions, suppressing noise while better preserving the high-frequency detailed structural information we need. The Multi-scale Depth-wise Convolution Block (MDCB) captures cross-scale features from the narrow intercondylar notch (5\u20138 mm wide) to the surrounding femoral structure (approximately 50 mm diameter), dynamically adapting to different morphologies, including pathological changes caused by osteophyte formation. The Contextual-Weighted Attention Module (CWAM) establishes long-term semantic associations between fuzzy regions and clear anatomical landmarks by precisely locating uncertain regions through foreground and background decomposition. The Dice Similarity Coefficient of WMCA-Net on the intercondylar notch dataset is 93.16%, and the 95% Hausdorff Distance is 1.42 mm, demonstrating its advanced segmentation performance and good anatomical adaptability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13020236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:50:30Z","timestamp":1771401030000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WMCA-Net: Wavelet Multi-Scale Contextual Attention Network for Segmentation of the Intercondylar Notch"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9649-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianjin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100410","article-title":"Intercondylar notch size and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes","volume":"21","author":"Souryal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. 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