{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:07:05Z","timestamp":1772122025843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M761525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M761525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Rehabilitation Medical Society Research Special Fund","award":["ZKKY2024012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKKY2024012"]}]},{"name":"Student Research and Innovation Program of Ningbo University","award":["2025SRIP0514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SRIP0514"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aim: Traditional marker-based optical motion capture systems are costly, time-consuming to operate, and constrained by laboratory environments, limiting their broader adoption in clinical practice and naturalistic settings. Markerless motion capture based on a sums-of-Gaussians (SoG) body model is a potential alternative; however, its metrological properties for kinematic assessment during walking and slow running remain insufficiently validated. Using a conventional marker-based Vicon system as the reference, this study evaluated the reliability and concurrent validity of an SoG-based markerless system (MocapGS) for bilateral lower-limb joint range of motion (ROM) during gait. Methods: Thirty-six healthy adults completed self-selected-pace speed walking and slow running tasks while both systems synchronously acquired bilateral lower-limb kinematics. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), SEM percentage (SEM%), minimal detectable change (MDC), MDC percentage (MDC%), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to assess reliability. Concurrent validity was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, paired-sample t-tests, and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) to compare the ROM. Results: Vicon showed moderate-to-high reliability for ROM in most joints across both tasks. By contrast, the MocapGS achieved acceptable ICC values mainly for the sagittal-plane ROM at the hip and knee. The CCC analysis showed no significant agreement between the two systems. Bland\u2013Altman plots showed systematic biases with spatially heterogeneous random errors. During walking, MocapGS systematically overestimated ROM relative to Vicon at several joint axes; the widest limits of agreement (LOA) occurred at the left knee X-axis and right hip Z-axis. During running, overestimation was consistent across all bilateral joints at the X-axis and the right hip at the Y-axis, while the widest LOA were found at the bilateral hip X-axes. These specific discrepancies highlighted the joint\u2013axis combinations with the greatest measurement variance. In walking, the test\u2013retest reliability of the knee flexion\u2013extension ROM measured by the MocapGS approached that of Vicon; however, the SEM% and MDC% were generally larger for MocapGS than for Vicon. The RMSE exceeded 5 degrees for ROM in most joint planes, especially in the frontal and transverse planes and at distal joints; errors increased further during slow running. Conclusions: MocapGS may be used for coarse monitoring of large-magnitude changes in sagittal-plane kinematics during gait; however, it is currently unlikely to replace Vicon for clinical decision-making or detecting subtle gait changes, and its outputs should be interpreted with caution, particularly for ankle kinematics and non-sagittal-plane motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13030271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:51:29Z","timestamp":1772117489000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Test\u2013Retest Reliability and Validity of a Sums-of-Gaussians-Based Markerless Motion Capture System for Human Lower-Limb Gait Kinematics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yifei","family":"Shou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenbin","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junqi","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengte","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630003","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519416300039","article-title":"Gait analysis: Systems, technologies, and importance","volume":"16","author":"Akhtaruzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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