{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:52:50Z","timestamp":1772808770484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico","award":["SECTEI\/155\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI\/155\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis affect millions worldwide and are projected to rise sharply by 2050, highlighting the importance of scalable telerehabilitation. This paper introduces Rehabi, a mobile, user-friendly tele-rehabilitation platform that centrally integrates markerless motion for biomechanical assessment and monitoring. Rehabi development followed a user-centered methodology, combining questionnaires, interviews, and natural language processing to elicit requirements from patients and clinicians. The system architecture was implemented in accordance with Clean Architecture principles to ensure modularity and scalability. In a pilot clinical validation of the markerless motion algorithm integrated into Rehabi, 14 post-arthroplasty patients showed moderate agreement for hip flexion (ICC = 0.686) and good agreement for knee flexion (ICC = 0.801). Although the sample was small, the results show a promising trend suggesting that mobile markerless motion capture may be a viable option for remote assessment and monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13030308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:22:14Z","timestamp":1772788934000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Development of Rehabi, a mHealth Telerehabilitation Platform with Markerless Motion Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hip\u00f3lito","family":"Aguilar-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad La Salle Mexico, Condesa Campus, Mexico City 06140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Zepeda-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8377-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Alessi-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2609-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia N\u00fa\u00f1ez","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivett","family":"Qui\u00f1ones-Uriostegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ayala-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Gomez-Verdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rehabilitation (INR), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14604582231167431","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582231167431","article-title":"Telemedicine Technologies and Applications in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Mehraeen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leochico, C.F.D., Espiritu, A.I., Ignacio, S.D., and Mojica, J.A.P. (2020). Challenges to the Emergence of Telerehabilitation in a Developing Country: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.01007"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2011.08.004","article-title":"Successful Models for Telehealth","volume":"44","author":"Krupinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.12.007","article-title":"Telemedicine in Drug Hypersensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Wells","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceh.2023.12.002","article-title":"Post Pandemic Analysis on Comprehensive Utilization of Telehealth and Telemedicine","volume":"7","author":"Ndwabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Ehealth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza, W., Aladro-Gonzalvo, A.R., Baldeon, J., and Ortiz, S. (2019). Toward a Design of a Telerehabilitation Program for the Functional Recovery in Post-Hip Arthroplasty Patients. Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.85768"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05537-0","article-title":"Telerehabilitation: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Kocyigit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"385","article-title":"Telemedicine and Telerehabilitation: Current and Forthcoming Applications in Haemophilia","volume":"17","author":"Boccalandro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5195\/ijt.2009.6016","article-title":"Telerehabilitation Technologies: Accessibility and Usability","volume":"1","author":"Pramuka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Telerehabil."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"122","article-title":"Teleconsultation and Videoconsultation Forever?","volume":"158","author":"Serra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S396495","article-title":"Implementation of Telemonitoring in Health Care: Facilitators and Barriers for Using EHealth for Older Adults with Chronic Conditions","volume":"16","author":"Liljeroos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00211-4","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis, 1990\u20132020, and Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Black","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-025-03658-w","article-title":"Epidemiological Trends of Osteoarthritis at the Global, Regional, and National Levels from 1990 to 2021 and Projections to 2050","volume":"27","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2025.13366","article-title":"The Relative Efficacy of Different Types of Telerehabilitation for Managing Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40364","DOI":"10.2196\/40364","article-title":"Nurse-Led Telehealth Intervention for Rehabilitation (Telerehabilitation) Among Community-Dwelling Patients with Chronic Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh\u0103nean, D.I., Vulpe, A.M., Mijaica, R., and Alexe, D.I. (2025). Embedding Digital Technologies (AI and ICT) into Physical Education: A Systematic Review of Innovations, Pedagogical Impact, and Challenges. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15179826"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.07.439","article-title":"Systematic Review of Mobile Health Applications in Rehabilitation","volume":"100","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2018.03.012","article-title":"Aging Barriers Influencing Mobile Health Usability for Older Adults: A Literature Based Framework (MOLD-US)","volume":"114","author":"Wildenbos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"130","article-title":"Salud M\u00f3vil (MHealth) En Profundidad: Un Estudio Bibliom\u00e9trico","volume":"46","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Espac."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3204148","article-title":"Development of a Smartphone-Based MHealth Platform for Telerehabilitation","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8873","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8873","article-title":"The Impact of MHealth Interventions: Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews","volume":"6","author":"Marcolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, C., Nolte, K., Schmidt, M., and Jaitner, T. (2025). Comparison of Marker-Based and Markerless Motion Capture Systems for Measuring Throwing Kinematics. Biomechanics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomechanics5040100"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12995","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12995","article-title":"Applications and Limitations of Current Markerless Motion Capture Methods for Clinical Gait Biomechanics","volume":"10","author":"Wade","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scataglini, S., Abts, E., Van Bocxlaer, C., Van den Bussche, M., Meletani, S., and Truijen, S. (2024). Accuracy, Validity, and Reliability of Markerless Camera-Based 3D Motion Capture Systems versus Marker-Based 3D Motion Capture Systems in Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113686"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v17i16.42687","article-title":"Patient Monitoring for Personalized Mobile Health (PMH) Based on Medical Virtual Instruments","volume":"17","author":"Sweetline","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. (IJIM)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v18i13.45293","article-title":"Analysis of the Recognition of Facial Movements of App Designed for Rehabilitation of People with Facial Paralysis","volume":"18","author":"Ravaglio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. (IJIM)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v17i01.34675","article-title":"Smart Healthcare Monitoring System Using IoT","volume":"17","author":"Mohammed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. (IJIM)"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v19i08.49147","article-title":"Sedentary: A Healthy Lifestyle App for Home Office Workers","volume":"19","author":"Mauricio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. (IJIM)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v12i6.9204","article-title":"The Use of Interactive Mobile Technology to Improve the Quality of Health Care Services in Private and Public Hospitals in Australia","volume":"12","author":"Karim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. (IJIM)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurum, A., and Wohlin, C. (2005). Requirements Elicitation: A Survey of Techniques, Approaches, and Tools. Engineering and Managing Software Requirements, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28244-0"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2026, January 22). Software Architecture in Practice: Software Architect Practice_c3\u2014Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman\u2014Google Libros. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com.mx\/books\/about\/Software_Architecture_in_Practice.html?id=-II73rBDXCYC&redir_esc=y."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Robert, C.M. (2017). Clean Architecture: A Cra Sman\u2019s Guide to So Ware Structure and Design, First Edition Table of Contents, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fowler, M. (2012). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture, Addison-Wesley Professional."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). Gu\u00eda de Soluciones de MediaPipe | Google AI Edge | Google AI for Developers. Available online: https:\/\/ai.google.dev\/edge\/mediapipe\/solutions\/guide?hl=es-419."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). OpenCV on Android\u2014OpenCV. Available online: https:\/\/opencv.org\/android\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). Chaquopy Version 16.1.0\u2014Chaquopy. Available online: https:\/\/chaquo.com\/chaquopy\/chaquopy-version-16-1-0\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.15.3.318","article-title":"Estimate of the Optimum Cutoff Frequency for the Butterworth Low-Pass Digital Filter","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). Firestore | Firebase. Available online: https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/docs\/firestore?hl=es-419."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). Cloud Storage for Firebase. Available online: https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/docs\/storage?hl=es-419."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). Firebase Authentication. Available online: https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/docs\/auth?hl=es-419."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115035","article-title":"Color Psychology: Effects of Perceiving Color on Psychological Functioning in Humans","volume":"65","author":"Elliot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Fisk, A.D., Czaja, S.J., Rogers, W.A., Charness, N., Czaja, S.J., and Sharit, J. (2020). Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches, Second Edition. Designing for Older Adults, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.2196\/rehab.6761","article-title":"Design and Development of a Telerehabilitation Platform for Patients with Phantom Limb Pain: A User-Centered Approach","volume":"4","author":"Rothgangel","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/3\/308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:06:24Z","timestamp":1772791584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/3\/308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering13030308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering13030308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]}}}