{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:36:16Z","timestamp":1790890576831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Sichuan Province Medical Science and Technology Program, China","award":["25QNMP002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25QNMP002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence has demonstrated that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) exerted toxic effects on animal models; our understanding of their potential toxicity to human health remains limited due to the lack of human-relevant in vitro models. Human stem cell-derived organoids are sophisticated and multicellular structures that could effectively mimic the key features of native organs and tissues. To date, human organoids have been widely used in toxicology. This study reviews the current application of human organoids in the toxicity assessment of MPs and NPs. Current limitations and future perspectives are discussed. Cutting-edge technologies combined with organoids are expected to provide new insights for illustrating the potential toxicity of MPs and NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13030309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:43:07Z","timestamp":1772808187000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing Microplastic and Nanoplastic Toxicity Assessment: Insights from Human Organoid Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital), Chengdu 610051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Faiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaocheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital), Chengdu 610051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlov, M. 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