{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:26:20Z","timestamp":1775197580381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFA0701302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0701302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irreversible anterior segment blindness with preserved retinal integrity (e.g., dense corneal opacity) remains a major clinical challenge because effective sight-restoring options are limited. Here, we describe an intraocular micro-light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) epiretinal microdisplay intended to deliver patterned optical stimulation to intact photoreceptors by bypassing opaque anterior optics. The prototype was based on a color-capable VGA microdisplay (640 \u00d7 480 pixels) and operated at &lt;30 mW under typical conditions. An ultra-thin flexible cable and a copper-mesh\u2013reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation provided a compact, conformable intraocular package with high pixel density. We evaluated a monochromatic (green) prototype in a single beagle eye (n=1) using a transscleral implantation approach and performed 7 days of postoperative follow-up with slit-lamp examination and multimodal imaging. Patterned stimulation via the implanted display elicited flash-evoked visual evoked potentials (VEPs) with consistent within-session waveform morphology, providing preliminary neurophysiological surrogate evidence of upstream visual pathway activation under the tested conditions in this single-animal pilot. The short-term postoperative course included transient hypotony and anterior segment inflammation, and implant rotation with associated inferior retinal detachment was observed by day 7, highlighting current biomechanical limitations. Beyond anterior segment opacity, the same intraocular optical interface could be explored as a modular light-delivery platform to pair with emerging retinal therapies (e.g., optogenetics), pending chronic safety and functional validation. This pilot large-animal study therefore provides a translationally relevant testbed while delineating key engineering constraints that must be addressed next.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13040397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T12:11:44Z","timestamp":1774872704000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intraocular Micro-LED Epiretinal Projection for Anterior Segment Blindness: Design and Large-Animal Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1269-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i16.3736","article-title":"Diabetes more than retinopathy, it\u2019s effect on the anterior segment of eye","volume":"11","author":"Morya","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. 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