{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:48:48Z","timestamp":1775666928445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000147","name":"NSF grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1100554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1100554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000147","name":"NSF grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2212121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2212121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000147","name":"NSF grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2149946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2149946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"NIH grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR063712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR063712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"NIH grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AR064178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AR064178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"NIH grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 EB013029-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 EB013029-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"NIH grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10 RR019920-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 RR019920-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intervertebral disc degeneration is the most recognized cause of low back pain, characterized by the decline in tissue structure and mechanics. Image-based mechanical parameters (e.g., strain, stiffness) may provide an ideal assessment of disc function that is lost with degeneration, but unfortunately, these remain underdeveloped. Moreover, it is unknown whether strain or stiffness of the disc may be predicted by MRI relaxometry (e.g., T1 or T2), an increasingly accepted quantitative measure of disc structure. In this study, we quantified T1 and T2 relaxation times and compared to in-plane strains measured with displacement-encoded MRI within human cadaveric discs under physiological levels of compression and bending. Using a novel inverse approach, we then estimated shear modulus in orthogonal image planes and regionally compared these values to relaxation times and 2D strains. Intratissue strain depended on the loading mode, and shear modulus in the nucleus pulposus was typically an order of magnitude lower than the annulus fibrosus. Relative shear moduli estimated from strain data derived under compression generally did not correspond with those from bending experiments. Only one anatomical region showed a significant correlation between relative shear modulus and relaxometry (T1 vs. \u00b5rel, coronal plane under bending). Together, these results suggest that future inverse analyses may be improved by incorporating multiple loading conditions into the same model and that image-based elastography and relaxometry should be viewed as complementary measures of disc structure and function to assess degeneration in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13040437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:26:39Z","timestamp":1775661999000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intervertebral Disc Elastography to Relate Shear Modulus and Relaxometry in Compression and Bending"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Cameron","family":"Gossett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7664-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent D.","family":"Butz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy C.","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Nauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Avril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mines Saint-\u00c9tienne, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, 42023 Saint-\u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey P.","family":"Neu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"},{"name":"Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0521, USA"},{"name":"BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deva D.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.13805","article-title":"The state of US health, 1990\u20132010: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors","volume":"310","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cd9adb","article-title":"Potential of magnetic resonance imaging findings to refine case definition for mechanical low back pain in epidemiological studies: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Endean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200109000-00002","article-title":"The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine to predict low-back pain in asymptomatic subjects: A seven-year follow-up study","volume":"83","author":"Borenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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