{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:53:30Z","timestamp":1785405210364,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000182","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CO230029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO230029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000182","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CO250074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO250074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CO230029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO230029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cd02q50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CO250074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO250074"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cd02q50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Education Programs at the National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemorrhagic shock remains one of the leading causes of preventable death for both civilian and military trauma. Fluid resuscitation is the primary treatment but requires constant monitoring, particularly for volume non-responsive patients susceptible to fluid overload, pulmonary edema, and other life-threatening conditions. To overcome fluid non-responsiveness, vasoactive drugs or vasopressors can be necessary adjuvants to fluid therapy but require tedious titrations that can be difficult to manage during mass-casualty situations. This study developed and evaluated automated closed-loop vasopressor controllers for hemorrhage scenarios. Ten physiological closed-loop controller (PCLC) configurations with different underlying functionalities were tuned to be either more aggressive or conservative to reach the target mean arterial pressure. A hardware-in-loop test platform with fluid-pressure responsiveness, derived from animal data, tested each controller across three different starting pressure scenarios. The platform successfully differentiated controller designs based on performance metrics. While some configurations overshot the target and others could not reach the target pressure, strong-performing PCLCs consistently reached and maintained the target quickly. Three candidate PCLCs outperformed the rest and will be evaluated across wider scenarios to develop a robust controller design. This work accelerates PCLC-driven vasopressor administration development, providing a necessary fluid resuscitation adjuvant for precise hemodynamic management in hemorrhagic trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13040454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:38:26Z","timestamp":1776080306000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Controller Logics for Automating Vasopressor Administration Using a Hardware-in-Loop Test Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Marrero Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Berard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin J.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia I.","family":"Hernandez Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support & Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Long School Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e45188","article-title":"Closed-loop pharmacologic control of blood pressure: A review of existing systems","volume":"15","author":"Baykuziyev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001372","article-title":"Clinical performance and safety of closed-loop systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"124","author":"Brogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. 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