{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:26:08Z","timestamp":1785432368118,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52505062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52505062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["52505062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52505062"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of High-end Deepsea Machinery Equipment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of a novel wireless energy-transmitting implantable diaphragm pacemaker for restoring respiratory ventilation. Methods: The diaphragm pacing (DP) system was designed based on the principle of electromagnetic resonance coupling. The safety of device implantation was analyzed through finite-element simulations of multi-field coupling between electromagnetic heating and biological tissue. In vitro testing with coils embedded in pork demonstrated the system output characteristics. This device was used in miniature Bama pigs that underwent deep anesthesia and respiratory arrest (N = 8). Respiratory airflow, diaphragmatic displacement, and blood gases were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed DP system. Results: Thermal effect simulation results show that the temperature rise of the surrounding tissue does not exceed 2 \u00b0C during 1 h of transmission power (0.5\u20131.3 W) operation of the receiver. In vitro tests with two receivers embedded in pork showed that the DP system can effectively output stimulation waveforms over a certain transmission distance (5\u201335 mm). The stimulation waveform output by the receiver is consistent with the parameters set by the external controller. In phrenic nerve electrical stimulation experiments, the peak respiratory airflow and tidal volume remained stable over 50 consecutive respiratory cycles. The tidal volume (108.63 mL) and diaphragmatic displacement (0.883\u20132.15 cm) in a pig induced by DP demonstrate the effectiveness of respiratory ventilation. The arterial blood gas analysis results and temperature rise experiment during implantation further confirmed the effectiveness and safety of the ventilation. Conclusions: The implantable diaphragmatic pacemaker developed in this study exhibits good thermal safety, stable output, and effective respiratory ventilation. A control group with commercial diaphragmatic pacemakers and data from chronic implantation experiments are needed to further evaluate its effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13040469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:48:12Z","timestamp":1776412092000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Novel Wireless Energy-Transmitting Implantable Diaphragm Pacemaker in Anesthetized Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"},{"name":"School of Biology Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xintai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xintai 271200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9390-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3079-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Practice and Innovative Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S376","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.03.97","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing: The state of the art","volume":"8","author":"Legras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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