{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:41:01Z","timestamp":1790970061214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration underlies glaucomatous optic neuropathy and remains a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Although elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary modifiable risk factor, RGC death reflects converging mechanisms including mechanical stress, vascular insufficiency, metabolic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review with PICOS-defined eligibility criteria, searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest for studies through January 2026 on RGC degeneration and neuroprotective or regenerative therapies in glaucoma. Included studies supported OCT-based structural assessment and imaging biomarkers as essential tools for early detection, risk stratification, and monitoring of progression and treatment response. Continued RGC loss despite IOP control in many patients highlights the need for mechanism-based interventions; neuroprotective strategies targeting excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurotrophic insufficiency are emerging, while stem cell and gene-based regenerative therapies remain under active investigation. Integrating molecular insights with advanced imaging and biomarker-guided endpoints may enable earlier, more individualized intervention and help explain progression despite adequate pressure control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13050509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:51Z","timestamp":1777448631000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in Glaucoma: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1567-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masuma","family":"Firoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neloy","family":"Shome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5520-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prisha","family":"Jonnalagadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2978-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hari","family":"Tunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0483-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Shafiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Burnett School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmahdi","family":"Shafiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohan","family":"Bobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karanjit S.","family":"Kooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care System Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.12.013","article-title":"Global glaucoma prevalence: Burden and projection to 2060","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. 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