{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:08:09Z","timestamp":1791824889665,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cDoktorat Wdro\u017ceniowy 2023\u201d Program"},{"name":"\u201cUmowa o wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy w zakresie prowadzenia doktoratu wdro\u017ceniowego\u201d","award":["PCTT\/2541\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCTT\/2541\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) methods, including deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have gained increasing importance in supporting the automated analysis of echocardiograms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of selected image artifacts\u2014motion blur, acoustic shadowing, and speckle noise\u2014on the performance of automatic classification of standard transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) views using deep learning models. Methods: The analysis included 217 TTE video clips (2170 frames) covering apical views: two-chamber (A2C), three-chamber (A3C), four-chamber (A4C), and five-chamber (A5C). Two convolutional neural network architectures\u2014ResNet-18 and ResNet-34\u2014were applied, initialized with weights pretrained on the ImageNet dataset (transfer learning). In a limited comparative scope, EfficientNet-B0, a ViT model used as a frozen feature extractor combined with Logistic Regression, and a classical HOG + SVM model, were also included as reference methods. Classification performance was evaluated under conditions of controlled image degradation caused by motion blur, acoustic shadowing, and speckle noise. Results: All analyzed artifacts reduced classification performance, although the magnitude of this effect depended on artifact type. Speckle noise proved to be the most destructive, causing performance collapse across all evaluated methods at high severity. Motion blur and acoustic shadowing produced more differentiated degradation profiles. The ResNet models achieved the highest performance under reference conditions; however, after degradation, the ranking of models was no longer stable. In the comparative analysis, HOG + SVM showed the smallest relative performance loss under motion blur and the highest balanced accuracy under severe acoustic shadowing, whereas severe speckle remained critical for all models. Conclusions: Image quality degradation significantly impairs TTE view classification performance, and evaluation based solely on reference-quality images does not fully reflect model robustness to artifacts. These findings indicate the need to complement standard model evaluation with a structured robustness analysis under degraded imaging conditions and highlight the importance of training and validation settings that better reflect real clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13050522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1777536227000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Simulated Artifacts on the Classification Performance of Apical Views in Transthoracic Echocardiography Using Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Bernadeta","family":"Orze\u0142-\u0141omozik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"\u0141omozik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2195-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Podolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2002-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Ro\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9406-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalina","family":"\u015awiatlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4634-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Radwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Przybylska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4141-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Maciej","family":"Pruski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Polish-American Heart Clinics, 43-100 Tychy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mizia-Stec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.06.004","article-title":"Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"32","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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