{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:41:57Z","timestamp":1785426117796,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82272130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272130"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U22A20103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conductive intracardiac communication (CIC) is one of the most innovative and promising communication technologies in multi-point cardiac pacing schemes that utilize the heart as the transmission channel in recent years. Current research predominantly focuses on static channel characteristics. Although some studies have explored dynamic responses, they are largely confined to basic amplitude\u2013frequency and amplitude\u2013time behaviors, lacking in-depth analysis of underlying dynamic mechanisms such as path loss, shadowing, multipath, and Doppler effects. Designing CIC systems solely on the basis of static properties can result in inaccurate channel estimation, distorted channel state information (CSI), and elevated bit error rate (BER). To solve the problems of dynamic channel measurement and modeling, this paper for the first time proposes a dynamic channel modeling method for CIC based on sinusoidal response and impulse response. Firstly, we develop a physical simulation and miniaturized measurement setup to measure the dynamic cardiac channel, and analyze the amplitude\u2013frequency characteristics and amplitude\u2013time characteristics. The influence of factors such as instrument differences, heart rate, flow rate, and motion artifacts is also discussed. Secondly, we systematically analyze the path loss, shadowing effect, multipath effect, and Doppler effect of the CIC channel. Combined with the dynamic channel characteristics and parameters, we propose a composite fading dynamic channel model and analyze the BER performance of baseband signal transmission and On\u2013Off Keying (OOK) modulation systems. We conclude that (1) the CIC channel exhibits capacitive characteristics. Fixed electrodes can effectively suppress motion artifacts. (2) The dynamic channel gain of CIC varies periodically with the heartbeat, and the fluctuation range of the signal is less than 1\u20132 dB. (3) The dynamic CIC channel presents extremely weak shadow fading, no significant multipath, and no measurable Doppler characteristics, belonging to an extremely slow-fading channel. This work provides effective dynamic channel measurement approaches and a parameter basis for the transceiver design of CIC and a reliable model for the simulation of CIC systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13060628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:36:56Z","timestamp":1779892616000},"page":"628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Channel Characteristic Analysis and Modeling of Conductive Intracardiac Communication Based on Sinusoidal Response and Impulse Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3578-033X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9879-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuce","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjia","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf119","article-title":"Leadless pacing: A comprehensive review","volume":"46","author":"Hoevenaars","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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