{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:59:20Z","timestamp":1785437960404,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CV1121Q1080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV1121Q1080"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["PPSI-2020-INDUSTRI-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPSI-2020-INDUSTRI-03"]}]},{"award":["CV1121Q1080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV1121Q1080"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012s3r374","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PPSI-2020-INDUSTRI-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPSI-2020-INDUSTRI-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012s3r374","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) expose healthcare personnel to airborne pathogens and require portable engineering controls that can be integrated into routine clinical workflows. We developed a portable, foldable negative-pressure aerosol-containment system (FNPACS) combining adaptive fan control, an H14 high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, and a disposable metal-oxide prefilter in a mobile filtration module. Bench performance was evaluated using pressure-flow testing in accordance with National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB) procedures and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14644-3, polyalphaolefin aerosol challenge testing, and smoke visualization, while an exploratory clinical study assessed environmental contamination via real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) in 11 patients (31 assay analyses). Bench testing demonstrated HEPA filtration efficiencies of 99.994\u201399.997%, stable negative-pressure generation across fan duty cycles, no detectable downstream breakthrough beyond the HEPA filter under the tested conditions, and effective inward airflow on smoke testing. A Lagrangian discrete phase model (DPM) particle-tracking simulation further characterized size-dependent aerosol-surrogate transport. Under HEPA-ON active-extraction conditions, 73.0\u201386.1% of simulated 0.3\u201310 \u00b5m water-equivalent particles were transported to the HEPA suction pathway, while 13.9\u201327.0% were deposited on internal wall surfaces. In the clinical evaluation, SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection on environmental swabs was limited and predominantly low level. The clearest reproducible signal occurred on the top interior surface under HEPA-OFF conditions, whereas HEPA-ON detections were isolated or presumptive high-Ct signals without reproducible confirmation. These findings provide preliminary engineering and usability support for FNPACS as a feasible near-source aerosol-control platform for AGPs. The patient swab component should be interpreted as an exploratory, proof-of-concept assessment rather than confirmatory evidence of clinical containment efficiency because several clinical cases had non-supportive patient-related controls and were therefore not used in the primary containment interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13060669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:50:58Z","timestamp":1781157058000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Portable, Foldable Negative-Pressure Aerosol-Containment System (FNPACS) for Aerosol Control During Aerosol-Generating Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bing Rui","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1804-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatimah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina Ismiarti","family":"Shariffuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puteri Ainaa S.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6850-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Yen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karunan","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7859-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mas Sahidayana","family":"Mohktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noorjahan Haneem Md","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15170","article-title":"Risks to healthcare workers following tracheal intubation of patients with COVID-19: A prospective international multicentre cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd9149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149","article-title":"Airborne Transmission of Respiratory Viruses","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00869-2","article-title":"Ten Scientific Reasons in Support of Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"397","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2007589","article-title":"Barrier enclosure during endotracheal intubation","volume":"382","author":"Canelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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