{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:59:07Z","timestamp":1785416347892,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["114-2221-E-006-082-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2221-E-006-082-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["113-2622-E-006-026."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2622-E-006-026."]}]},{"award":["114-2221-E-006-082-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2221-E-006-082-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["113-2622-E-006-026."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2622-E-006-026."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical smoke generated by energy-based instruments during minimally invasive surgery severely degrades intraoperative visibility in laparoscopic procedures, prolonging operation time and elevating surgical risk. Although deep-learning desmoking methods have improved spatial clarity, most operate frame-by-frame and produce temporal artifacts\u2014flicker, brightness drift, and color instability\u2014that hinder clinical adoption. To our knowledge, no prior framework has jointly addressed spatial restoration and temporal consistency within a unified surgical smoke removal pipeline. We proposed DCP-TS, a unified spatiotemporal framework that coupled a Dark Channel Prior (DCP)-guided conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) with an inference-time module integrating optical flow alignment, exponential moving-average luminance smoothing, and adaptive gamma correction. A key novelty was that this stabilizer was smoke-aware and operated entirely at inference time, requiring no retraining or post-processing, which distinguished it from generic video temporal-consistency methods. On laparoscopic colorectal surgery videos, DCP-TS achieved a PSNR of 23.39 dB, SSIM of 0.62, NIQE of 4.17, and BRISQUE of 23.66, outperforming DehazeFormer and Colores et al. across all metrics. Temporal analysis showed an approximate 28% reduction in inter-frame luminance variation, and a double-blind reader study with five experienced laparoscopic surgeons confirmed substantial improvements in brightness stability (4.37 vs. 2.86) and overall perceptual quality (4.18 vs. 3.51 on a 5-point Likert scale). The system ran at 22 fps with ~3.9 GB GPU memory on standard operating-room hardware, supporting real-time intraoperative deployment. DCP-TS demonstrated that physics-guided spatiotemporal modeling could transform frame-by-frame desmoking into a clinically promising, perceptually more continuous video stream.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1782375252000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DCP-TS: A Unified Spatiotemporal Framework for Real-Time Desmoking and Flicker Suppression in Laparoscopic Surgical Videos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chun-Hsien","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKUH), Tainan 70105, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan 70105, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan 70105, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan 70105, Taiwan"},{"name":"Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan 70105, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"E499","article-title":"Global Disparities in Colorectal Cancer: Unveiling the Present Landscape of Incidence and Mortality Rates, Analyzing Geographical Variances, and Assessing the Human Development Index","volume":"65","author":"Darmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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