{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:24:13Z","timestamp":1783441453964,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although considerable research has investigated non-motorized treadmills (NMTs), most studies have focused on healthy adults or athletes. This study aimed to compare trunk and lower limb muscle activation during walking on an NMT and flat ground (FG) at different exercise intensities in patients with stroke. Eighteen patients with stroke participated in this within-subject, repeated-measures experimental study conducted at a single hospital. Participants performed walking trials under six randomized conditions, comprising both NMT and FG walking at intensities of 20%, 40%, and 60% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Muscle activation of the affected-side erector spinae, internal oblique, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, vastus medialis oblique, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius was assessed. Walking on the NMT resulted in significantly greater overall muscle activation than walking on FG (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, significant differences in trunk and lower limb muscle activation were observed across HRR levels during both NMT and FG walking (p &lt; 0.05), indicating that exercise intensity influenced neuromuscular responses. These findings suggest that NMT walking, particularly at higher intensities, acutely increases neuromuscular demands, providing preliminary evidence for its potential application as a demanding walking condition for stroke rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:02:56Z","timestamp":1783436576000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Trunk and Lower Limb Muscle Activation Between Non-Motorized Treadmill and Flat Ground Walking at Varying Intensities in Patients with Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Minkwon","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wirye Hospital, Seongnam 13647, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-4339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taewoong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2431-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.04.0076","article-title":"Systematic review of the effect of robot-aided therapy on recovery of the hemiparetic arm after stroke","volume":"43","author":"Prange","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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