{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:15:00Z","timestamp":1783602900056,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004147","name":"Tsinghua Precision Medicine Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TS016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infra-hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) balloon occlusion is an effective strategy for reducing intraoperative bleeding during precision liver surgery, yet rapid balloon inflation can produce abrupt transient deviations in downstream venous pressure that are not yet quantitatively characterized. Current practice relies on operator experience, with no quantitative framework to balance occlusion efficacy against downstream pressure safety. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the balloon-occluded IVC was developed in ANSYS 2025 R2 with two-way fluid\u2013structure interaction (FSI), Carreau\u2013Yasuda blood rheology, and a balloon described by an Ogden hyperelastic model; the flow regime was laminar (Re \u2248 254). Reduced-order ARX models of four input\u2013output subsystems were identified from CFD-generated data, and a model predictive control (MPC) strategy was formulated to penalize downstream pressure overshoot through a weighted cost function. The identified models achieved training normalized root-mean-square errors of 0.0363 to 0.1164 and out-of-sample validation errors of 0.1224 to 0.2381. Conventional sigmoid inflation induced a 45.82% overshoot in downstream pressure (Paft); the optimal input signal (q = [0, 1, 0, 0], \u03bb = 0.1) reduced this to 6.05%, a reduction of 39.77 percentage points, while preserving &gt;90% flow occlusion at UF = 3 \u00d7 104 Pa. The proposed framework offers a quantitative basis for balloon-occlusion device design that limits downstream pressure overshoot, motivating subsequent benchtop, ex vivo, and in vivo validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:58:04Z","timestamp":1782799084000},"page":"749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling and Optimal Input Design for Infra-Hepatic Blood Flow Regulation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4457-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Precise liver resection: A new concept of liver surgery in 21st century","volume":"47","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. 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