{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:59:02Z","timestamp":1785416342948,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009117","name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009117","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a208s56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Running velocity is an important methodological factor in footwear research, given its potential influence on biomechanical parameters used to evaluate shoe-specific effects. Since most previous studies have assessed footwear effects at standardized running velocities, it remains unclear whether shoe-specific biomechanical response patterns differ when runners transition to individually selected faster outdoor running velocities. Therefore, this study examined whether footwear-related biomechanical responses were modified by running velocity. Twenty-two runners completed outdoor running trials at two running velocities in seven running shoes differing in cushioning and midsole bending stiffness. Four commonly used inertial measurement unit-derived biomechanical parameters were assessed to determine whether shoe-specific responses differed between the two velocity conditions. Across all parameters, no significant shoe condition \u00d7 running velocity interaction effects were observed. Higher running velocities increased the magnitude of the measured parameters, while the tested interaction terms did not provide statistical evidence that the relative shoe-related response patterns were systematically altered within the investigated velocity range. These findings suggest that individually preferred running velocities may be suitable for comparing relative shoe effects in field-based footwear testing for the investigated parameters and velocity range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:58:04Z","timestamp":1782799084000},"page":"751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Running Velocity as a Methodological Factor in Footwear Testing: Fixed Versus Self-Selected Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Kiesewetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Biomechanics and Sensory Function, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Biomechanics and Sensory Function, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7662-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Mitschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olympic Training Center Saxony, 09125 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2012.757810","article-title":"Influence of Rearfoot and Forefoot Midsole Hardness on Biomechanical and Perception Variables during Heel-Toe Running","volume":"5","author":"Sterzing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1008589","article-title":"Segmented Midsole Hardness in the Midfoot to Forefoot Region of Running Shoes Alters Subjective Perception and Biomechanics during Heel-Toe Running Revealing Potential to Enhance Footwear","volume":"7","author":"Sterzing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.111996","article-title":"Effect of Midsole Hardness and Surface Type Cushioning on Landing Impact in Heel-Strike Runners","volume":"165","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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