{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:05:26Z","timestamp":1784552726243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Epicutaneous patch testing is the gold standard for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), yet its interpretation relies on subjective scoring and remains prone to inter-observer variability. Aim: In this study, we present a machine learning pipeline that complements subjective scoring with objective bioengineering measurements derived from the Antera 3D imaging system. Methods: A dataset of skin reactions was analyzed, with particular attention to how the data was split to avoid information leakage between patients. For this reason, methods such as GroupShuffleSplit and GroupKFold, which account for patient-level clustering, were used. Results: Of the models tested, the Random Forest classifier showed the best overall performance, with an AUC of 0.861 (95% CI: 0.830\u20130.888) on patient data that had not been used during training, outperforming the Multi-Layer Perceptron model. The incorporation of additional features that capture changes between 48 and 72 h improved the results even further, raising the AUC to 0.902 and achieving a very high sensitivity of 96.8%. Conclusions: Overall, the results show that objective biophysical measurements derived from the Antera 3D imaging system can be combined with machine-learning techniques for objective patch-test assessment. Incorporating temporal changes between the 48- and 72-h readings further improved model performance, suggesting that temporal changes provide additional information beyond single-time-point measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:12:38Z","timestamp":1784257958000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Evaluation of Patch Test Reactions Using a 3D Camera-Derived Features and Machine Learning: The Role of Temporal Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sotiria C.","family":"Gilou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Medical Physics & Digital Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tagka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, \u201cAndreas Syggros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 5 Ionos Dragoumi St., 11621 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8389-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George I.","family":"Lambrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8 Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytecnheiou 9 Str., Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Papanastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Medical Physics & Digital Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2600-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George K.","family":"Matsopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytecnheiou 9 Str., Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis D.","family":"Bamidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Medical Physics & Digital Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13119","article-title":"Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Alinaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"440","article-title":"Clarification and modification of the international contact dermatitis research group classification of patch test reactions on behalf of the international contact dermatitis research group","volume":"36","author":"Bruze","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermat. 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