{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:03:46Z","timestamp":1784610226584,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2R15HL143545-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R15HL143545-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Your Energy Systems LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen causing chronic pulmonary disease in immunocompromised individuals, particularly in those with HIV\/AIDS. Current treatments present challenges due to duration, antibiotic resistance and toxicity, creating a need for novel treatments. Glutathione (GSH), a key intracellular antioxidant, is depleted in immunocompromised individuals. This study evaluated the direct and intracellular antimycobacterial activity of liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) against M. avium. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and depolarization effects of L-GSH were also determined. Our results indicate that L-GSH has potent direct antimycobacterial activity against M. avium through membrane depolarization and reduces intracellular survival of M. avium in human macrophages. Given the established GSH deficiency in HIV-infected individuals and the clinical need for novel Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) therapies with favorable safety profiles, these findings support further investigation of L-GSH as a host-directed therapeutic agent for HIV-associated M. avium infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liposomal Glutathione Exhibits Direct and Intracellular Antimycobacterial Activity Against Mycobacterium avium via Membrane Depolarization in a THP-1 Macrophage Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nezam","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western 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