{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:42:35Z","timestamp":1788961355893,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School"},{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0391j1294","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ongoing development of subtractive options for indirect restorations places clinicians in a position that requires adaptation, understanding and choosing of the most suitable option for the long-term survival of the restoration. Mechanical parameters represent important indicators of long-term success. Consequently, this research aimed to assess the impact of water sorption on the mechanical properties of two direct resin composites, Gradia Direct Anterior A2 and Filtek Z550 A2 and three CAD\/CAM subtractively manufactured dental resin composites, Vita Enamic, Brilliant and Cerasmart. A total of one hundred specimens (50 control, 50 underwent this protocol: dehydration, immersion in distilled water for 30 days and then re-desiccation), standardized to the dimensions of 14 mm \u00d7 4 mm \u00d7 1.2 mm were subjected to three-point bending test (based on ISO 4049:2019 and ISO 6872:2015), in order to find out the flexural strength and the elastic modulus of the material at the breaking point. Then, the fractured sample surfaces were fractographical analyzed. Using the two-parameter Weibull approach, the Weibull modulus (m) and the characteristic strength (\u03c30) were evaluated. In this investigation, the elastic modulus varied from 5.8 (Gradia Control) to 20.31 (Vita Degraded) GPa, with the upper limit close to the values of natural dentin (17.7\u201329.8 GPa). The values of flexural strength ranged from 174.47 (Brilliant Control) to 79.2 (Gradia Control), subtractively processed materials demonstrating higher flexural strength and elastic modulus values than the direct resin composites, which is related to their high inorganic filler content. All material groups, except for Gradia Control, had a flexural strength more than the 80 MPa minimum value needed to sustain masticatory force. The dehydration and hydration cycles did not have a statistically significant influence on the mechanical properties of the material. The fractographic analysis revealed fracture patterns and features associated with the microstructure, with the PICN category material being particularly notable. Weibull analysis revealed that the direct resin composite materials exhibited higher reliability, lower data scatter and CAD-CAM materials showed greater characteristic strength, with a notably high performance of the nano-hybrid direct resin composite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanical Behavior of Conventional and Subtractively Manufactured Dental Resin Composites After Water Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1845-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgiana","family":"Osiceanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana Diana","family":"Vasiliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3712-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia Roxana","family":"Bejan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Negru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicu\u0219or Alin","family":"S\u00eerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research & Development Institute for Welding and Material Testing ISIM Timisoara, Blv. Mihai Viteazu 30, 300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Faur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research & Development Institute for Welding and Material Testing ISIM Timisoara, Blv. Mihai Viteazu 30, 300222 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bld. Vasile Parvan 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Porojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.03.002","article-title":"Quantitative Nano-Mechanical Mapping AFM-Based Method for Elastic Modulus and Surface Roughness Measurements of Model Polymer Infiltrated Ceramics","volume":"38","author":"Alharbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108448","article-title":"Hybrid Engineered Dental Composites by Multiscale Reinforcements with Chitosan-Integrated Halloysite Nanotubes and S-Glass Fibers","volume":"202","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.28.44","article-title":"A Review of Dental CAD\/CAM: Current Status and Future Perspectives from 20 Years of Experience","volume":"28","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2017.9.6.486","article-title":"Dental Biomaterials for Chairside CAD\/CAM: State of the Art","volume":"9","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12100","article-title":"Resin Bond to Indirect Composite and New Ceramic\/Polymer Materials: A Review of the Literature","volume":"26","author":"Spitznagel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8828954","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8828954","article-title":"Resin Composite Materials for Chairside CAD\/CAM Restorations: A Comparison of Selected Mechanical Properties","volume":"2021","author":"Grzebieluch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893143","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4893143","article-title":"Effect of the Composition of CAD\/CAM Composite Blocks on Mechanical Properties","volume":"2018","author":"Alamoush","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242008000100015","article-title":"Flexural and Diametral Tensile Strength of Composite Resins","volume":"22","author":"Benetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3379","article-title":"Optoelectronic and Mechanical Study of Dental Composites","volume":"9","author":"Furtos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2004.09.002","article-title":"Effect of Coupling Agents on the Local Mechanical Properties of Bioactive Dental Composites","volume":"21","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.11.015","article-title":"Water Uptake and Strength Characteristics of a Nanofilled Resin-Based Composite","volume":"36","author":"Curtis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210620130904003","article-title":"Clinical Performance of a New Biomimetic Double Network Material","volume":"7","author":"Dirxen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2015.04.016","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Resin-Ceramic CAD\/CAM Restorative Materials","volume":"114","author":"Awada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2019.07.018","article-title":"Failure of Ceramic Coatings on Cast and Selective Laser Melted Co-Cr Dental Alloys under Tensile Test: Experiment and Finite Element Analysis","volume":"105","author":"Dikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656948","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/656948","article-title":"Direct Tensile Strength and Characteristics of Dentin Restored with All-Ceramic, Resin-Composite, and Cast Metal Prostheses Cemented with Resin Adhesives","volume":"2015","author":"Piemjai","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, G.D. (2020). NIST Recommended Practice Guide: Fractography of Ceramics and Glasses.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.960-16e3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01004.x","article-title":"Comparison of Flexural Properties of Composite Restoratives Using the ISO and Mini-flexural Tests","volume":"30","author":"Yap","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700807","article-title":"Heat Treatment Strengthens Human Dentin","volume":"87","author":"Hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4293-8","article-title":"Contributions of Microstructure and Chemical Composition to the Mechanical Properties of Dentin","volume":"22","author":"Ryou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000100005","article-title":"Effect of High-Concentrated Bleaching Agents on the Bond Strength at Dentin\/Resin Interface and Flexural Strength of Dentin","volume":"23","author":"Vieira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.03.006","article-title":"A Novel CAD\/CAM Resin Composite Block with High Mechanical Properties","volume":"37","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13659","article-title":"Qualitative SEM Analysis of Fracture Surfaces for Dental Ceramics and Polymers Broken by Flexural Strength Testing and Crown Compression","volume":"32","author":"Alghazzawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherrer, S.S., Anselm, H.W., Quinn, J.B., and Quinn, G.D. (2007). Descriptive Fractography on All Ceramic Dental Crown Failures, The American Ceramic Society.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118144152.ch27"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varner, J.R., Quinn, G.D., and Wightman, M. (2007). Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics V, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118144152"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.03.013","article-title":"Impact of Varying Step-Stress Protocols on the Fatigue Behavior of 3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP Ceramic","volume":"37","author":"Jerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.03.004","article-title":"ADM Guidance\u2014Ceramics: Guidance to the Use of Fractography in Failure Analysis of Brittle Materials","volume":"33","author":"Scherrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221100409","article-title":"Exploring Ductility in Dental Ceramics","volume":"101","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.02.008","article-title":"Material Properties and Fractography of an Indirect Dental Resin Composite","volume":"26","author":"Quinn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.020","article-title":"Resin Composite\u2014State of the Art","volume":"27","author":"Ferracane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, J.B., Scherrer, S.S., and Quinn, G.D. (2007). The Increasing Role of Fractography in the Dental Community, The American Ceramic Society.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118144152.ch20"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2009). Dentistry: Polymer-Based Restorative Materials (Standard No. Standard\u2019s ISO 4049\u20132009)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2015). \u201cDentistry\u2014Ceramic Materials,\u201d 4th Ed (Standard No. ISO 6872:2015)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2014-208","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Composite Resin Blocks for CAD\/CAM","volume":"33","author":"Lauvahutanon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo-G\u00f3mez, F., Hern\u00e1ndez-V\u00edquez, J.R., Sauma-Montes de Oca, J.R., Vargas-Vargas, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Vargas, N., Vega-Baudrit, J.R., and Chavarr\u00eda-Bola\u00f1os, D. (2024). Mechanical, Adhesive and Surface Properties of a Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate CAD\/CAM Ceramic Exposed to Different Etching Protocols. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17205039"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawajiri, Y., Ikeda, H., Nagamatsu, Y., Masaki, C., Hosokawa, R., and Shimizu, H. (2021). PICN Nanocomposite as Dental CAD\/CAM Block Comparable to Human Tooth in Terms of Hardness and Flexural Modulus. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14051182"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2838715","article-title":"High Tensile Strength Reliability in a Bulk Metallic Glass","volume":"92","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.-S., Hong, M.-H., Min, B.-K., Kim, Y.-K., Shin, H.-J., and Kwon, T.-Y. (2022). Microstructure, Flexural Strength, and Fracture Toughness Comparison between CAD\/CAM Milled and 3D-Printed Zirconia Ceramics. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12189088"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.10.073","article-title":"Standardized Weibull Statistics of Ceramic Strength","volume":"47","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107844","article-title":"Biomimetic Preparation of a Ceramic Combined with Sea Urchin Stereom Structure and Nacre Mineral Bridge Structure","volume":"178","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Jansen, J.A. (2026, June 23). Fractography: A Key Component of a Failure Analysis. The Madison Group, Available online: https:\/\/madisongroup.com\/Fractography-a-Key-Component-of-a-Failure-Analysis\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Liu, R., Jiang, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Wang, J., and Pan, F. (2017). Statistical Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10111271"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514553976","article-title":"Resin-Composite Blocks for Dental CAD\/CAM Applications","volume":"93","author":"Ruse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.12.003","article-title":"Resin Composite Blocks via High-Pressure High-Temperature Polymerization","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13123","article-title":"Fracture Toughness, Flexural Strength, and Flexural Modulus of New CAD\/CAM Resin Composite Blocks","volume":"29","author":"Lucsanszky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.37358\/MP.18.3.5049","article-title":"Comparative Study Regarding the Compressive Strength of Different Composite Resins Used for Direct Restorations","volume":"55","author":"Nica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Plast."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"565","article-title":"The Influence of Organic\u2013Inorganic Phase Mixtures on Degradation Behavior of Some Resin Composites Used in Conservative Dentistry","volume":"18","author":"Objelean","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4236\/jbnb.2012.32029","article-title":"Evaluation the Mechanical Properties of Nanofilled Composite Resin Restorative Material","volume":"03","author":"Hamouda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700802","article-title":"Degradation, Fatigue, and Failure of Resin Dental Composite Materials","volume":"87","author":"Drummond","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(95)80034-4","article-title":"Properties of Heat-Treated Composites after Aging in Water","volume":"11","author":"Ferracane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"281","article-title":"Water Adsorption Characteristics of New Dental Composites","volume":"4","author":"Ziadan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2001.00802.x","article-title":"Water Sorption and Solubility of Dental Composites and Identification of Monomers Released in an Aqueous Environment","volume":"28","author":"Wellendorf","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osiceanu, G., Bejan, F.R., Vasiliu, R.D., Porojan, S.D., and Porojan, L. (2025). The Evaluation of Water Sorption Effects on Surface Characteristics and Color Changes in Direct and CAD\/CAM Subtractively Processed Resin Composites. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081812"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/7\/829\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:37:10Z","timestamp":1784551030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/7\/829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering13070829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering13070829","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}