{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:05:15Z","timestamp":1784653515908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound-induced cavitation is conventionally described through nonlinear bubble dynamics, acoustic pressure modulation, microbubble oscillation or collapse, local mechanical stress, thermal or chemical activation, and subsequent biological effects. In medical contexts, such cavitation-mediated processes are increasingly relevant to sonoporation, microbubble-enhanced drug delivery, sonodynamic therapy, and histotripsy. However, a compact phenomenological framework linking measurable cavitation dynamics to delayed, channel-specific biological outputs remains useful, particularly when different endpoints such as membrane permeabilization, reactive oxygen species generation, molecular uptake, and tissue fragmentation are considered together. In this work, a phenomenological relational\u2013informational bridge model is proposed, in which therapeutic cavitation is interpreted as biological constraint focusing. The cavitation region and its adjacent biological microenvironment are represented as a localized, acoustically driven subsystem whose effective constraint state changes during bubble or microbubble oscillation and collapse. Bubble oscillation or collapse is represented as a rapid increase in constraint loading and informational action density, whereas medically relevant effects are modeled as relaxation of a transient high-tension state into bioactive output channels, including membrane permeabilization, reactive oxygen species generation, molecular delivery, and mechanical tissue fragmentation. The model couples the bubble or microbubble radius R(t) and collapse or oscillation velocity R\u02d9(t), obtained experimentally or from Rayleigh\u2013Plesset-type dynamics, to a dimensionless relational constraint parameter \u03bb(t), an informational action density Srel(t), a stored high-tension reservoir Erel(t), channel-specific motif populations Nk(t), and measurable biological outputs Bk(t). The construction is not intended to replace hydrodynamic, thermodynamic, sonochemical, or biomechanical models; rather, it provides a latent-variable layer that may organize how cavitation loading is converted into endpoint-specific biological responses. The framework yields testable expectations: biological response should correlate not only with acoustic pressure or minimum bubble radius, but also with the rate of constraint loading, reservoir buildup and depletion, relaxation-channel kinetics, and modifiers such as microbubble composition, tissue context, oxygenation, sonosensitizer availability, and molecular cargo. Ultrasound-mediated cavitation is therefore reframed as a bioengineering process in which acoustic exposure, bubble dynamics, transient energy localization, and biological endpoint formation are connected through a testable phenomenological bridge model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:16:39Z","timestamp":1784650599000},"page":"832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasound-Induced Cavitation as Biological Constraint Focusing: A Phenomenological Bioengineering Model for Sonoporation, Sonodynamic Therapy, Drug Delivery, and Histotripsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3092-2324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Duceac-Covrig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 47 Domneasc\u0103 Street, 800008 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cProf. Dr. Nicolae Oblu\u201d Ia\u0219i, 700309 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u0103lin Gheorghe","family":"Buzea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cProf. Dr. Nicolae Oblu\u201d Ia\u0219i, 700309 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics\u2014IFT Ia\u0219i, 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3863-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Nedeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bac\u0103u, 600115 Bac\u0103u, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0922-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Miril\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bac\u0103u, 600115 Bac\u0103u, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Nedeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bac\u0103u, 600115 Bac\u0103u, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8582-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"Panainte-Lehadu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bac\u0103u, 600115 Bac\u0103u, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Manuela","family":"Tomozei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bac\u0103u, 600115 Bac\u0103u, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricel","family":"Agop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Agritourism, Faculty of Engineering, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bac\u0103u, 600115 Bac\u0103u, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Andriu\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Ia\u0219i, 700506 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Laura","family":"Cristescu-Budal\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 47 Domneasc\u0103 Street, 800008 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6447-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u0103cr\u0103mioara","family":"Ochiuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ia\u0219i, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Decebal","family":"Vasincu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ia\u0219i, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.425","article-title":"Single-bubble sonoluminescence","volume":"74","author":"Brenner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. 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