{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:05:20Z","timestamp":1784653520886,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) causes progressive sensorimotor dysfunction of the lower extremities, impairing mobility and increasing fall risk. Phase-specific neuromuscular activation during repeated sit-to-stand (STS) transfers in DPN remains poorly characterized. This study compared lower-limb muscle activation during repeated STS transfers in fifteen ambulatory DPN patients and fifteen age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Bilateral surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded from the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius; normalized to maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs), and analyzed separately for STS and stand-to-sit phases. No significant between-group differences were observed for any muscle during either phase (all p &gt; 0.05). Effect sizes were small-to-medium, with confidence intervals indicating uncertainty around the estimated between-group differences. Notably, gluteus maximus activation during STS demonstrated the largest between-group effect size, favoring the DPN group (d = 0.54), although this difference was not statistically significant. This finding may indicate a possible proximal hip-extensor strategy that requires confirmation in larger studies. Both groups demonstrated significantly greater vastus lateralis and gluteus maximus activation during STS than stand-to-sit, reflecting greater neuromuscular demand during rising. Overall, the non-significant between-group findings, together with the effect-size and confidence-interval analysis, suggest that MVC-normalized EMG amplitude alone may have limited sensitivity for detecting neuropathic neuromuscular alterations during transitional tasks in ambulatory patients with DPN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13070836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:16:39Z","timestamp":1784650599000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normalized EMG Amplitude During Repeated Sit-to-Stand Transfers in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Safi","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9305025","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9305025","article-title":"Postural control and gait performance in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review","volume":"2016","author":"Mustapa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. 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