{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1785402182575,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20230807111059040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807111059040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20250604185440054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20250604185440054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JCYJ20230807111059040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807111059040"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017n8df75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JCYJ20250604185440054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20250604185440054"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017n8df75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2025A1515011222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515011222"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrovascular computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models often rely on generic boundary conditions, which may limit their ability to represent subject-specific hemodynamics and cerebral autoregulation (CA). We propose a multimodal data-driven boundary calibration (MDBC) framework integrating transcranial color-coded Doppler and continuous blood pressure monitoring to optimize individualized outlet resistances. As a proof-of-concept, we evaluated the MDBC framework in a single healthy volunteer at resting baseline and enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)\u2014a hemodynamic perturbation potentially triggering CA. Compared with conventional open boundary (OB) and static Murray allocation boundary (SMAB) strategies, MDBC achieved closer agreement with in vivo middle cerebral artery (MCA) velocity waveforms under both states. At rest, MDBC\u2019s left MCA relative root mean square error (rRMSE) was 7.19%, versus 22.85% (OB) and 30.89% (SMAB). During EECP, conventional models yielded rRMSEs &gt; 32%, whereas MDBC maintained 11.24%. Meanwhile, MDBC reproduced inter-hemispheric perfusion imbalance, an EECP-induced flow surge in the right MCA, and pronounced wall shear stress increases that were masked by generic boundary strategies. Moreover, MDBC estimated a 25.8% increase in global cerebrovascular resistance during EECP, suggesting the capability of the framework to characterize subject-specific impedance adaptations potentially associated with CA during intervention. These single-subject findings support the technical feasibility of integrating multimodal physiological measurements into cerebrovascular CFD boundary calibration and warrant further validation in larger cohorts and patient populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13080861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1785168716000},"page":"861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Subject-Specific Cerebrovascular CFD Modeling Approach Based on a Multimodal Data-Driven Boundary Calibration Framework: A Proof-of-Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shenzhen Futian Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxiong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shenzhen Futian Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2024-003202","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Haemodynamics in Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis by Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc. 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