{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:11:22Z","timestamp":1785409882944,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation","award":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156225"]}]},{"award":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2026-RS-2022-00156225"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g0hqq23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00415812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00415812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00415812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00415812"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This pilot study examined sex-related neuromuscular and prefrontal hemodynamic responses across 3 and 9 kg known-weight and weight-misprediction lifting conditions and explored whether these patterns differed by physical activity level (PAL). Thirty adults completed the lifting tasks. Among the unknown-weight trials, only wrong-guess trials were retained, while the known-weight trials served as comparison conditions. The integrated linear mixed-effects model showed a significant Condition \u00d7 Sex interaction, indicating that sex-related differences varied across lifting conditions. The omnibus condition and sex effects were also significant, whereas PAL and all interactions involving PAL were not significant. Exploratory PAL-stratified analyses showed condition-dependent sex differences within both PAL groups. In the moderate PAL group, women showed higher task-related \u0394HbO \u03b2-values than men across multiple channels under the 3 kg wrong-guess condition after false discovery rate correction. These preliminary findings suggest condition-dependent sex-related neuromuscular responses and sex-related differences in prefrontal hemodynamic responses observed under the 3 kg wrong-guess condition. The exploratory subgroup findings require confirmation in larger and more balanced samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13080871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:52:01Z","timestamp":1785228721000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Condition-Dependent Sex Differences in Lumbar sEMG and Prefrontal Hemodynamics During Known-Weight and Weight-Misprediction Lifting: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI Data Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Uiwang 16106, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6490-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Ho","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firouzabadi, A., Arjmand, N., Pan, F., Zander, T., and Schmidt, H. 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