{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:49:00Z","timestamp":1785905340132,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010612","name":"D\u00fczce \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.04.02.1142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04.02.1142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2020.04.02.1142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04.02.1142"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04175wc52","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fracture healing remains a major challenge in orthopedic practice, and natural bioactive products have attracted increasing interest as supportive agents for bone regeneration. Apilarnil (drone larvae homogenate), a bee-derived natural product with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has not previously been investigated in fracture healing. This study evaluated the effects of oral apilarnil on experimental femoral fracture healing in rats. Forty-two male Wistar Albino rats underwent standardized closed femoral fracture fixation with intramedullary Kirschner wire stabilization and were randomly assigned to either a control group or an apilarnil-treated group receiving 400 mg\/kg\/day orally. Animals were sacrificed on postoperative days 15, 30, and 45. Fracture healing was assessed radiologically using the Lane and Sandhu scoring system, histopathologically using the Huo scoring system, and biomechanically by a three-point bending test. Histopathological scores were significantly higher in the apilarnil group on postoperative day 15 (p = 0.042), whereas no significant differences were observed at later time points. Biomechanical testing demonstrated significantly greater fracture strength in the apilarnil-treated group on postoperative days 30 (p = 0.001) and 45 (p = 0.004), while radiological scores did not differ significantly between groups throughout the study. These findings suggest that apilarnil may support fracture healing by enhancing early tissue repair and improving the biomechanical properties of healing bone, warranting further experimental and clinical investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13080887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:02:01Z","timestamp":1785510121000},"page":"887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apilarnil Improves Early Histological Repair and Biomechanical Strength During Experimental Femoral Fracture Healing in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5068-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u015fit Emin","family":"Dalaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, D\u00fczce University Medical Faculty, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Ar\u0131can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, D\u00fczce University Medical Faculty, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Kekecoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beekeeping Research Development and Application Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, D\u00fczce University, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1440-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","family":"Turhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Health Sciences University, Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu\u011f\u00e7e","family":"\u00c7aprazl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beekeeping Program, D\u00fczce Vocational School, D\u00fczce University, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Gams\u0131zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, D\u00fczce University, D\u00fczce 81060, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6719-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zekeriya Okan","family":"Karaduman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, D\u00fczce University Medical Faculty, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00fccahid Osman","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, D\u00fczce University Medical Faculty, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f6nmez","family":"Sa\u011flam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, D\u00fczce University Medical Faculty, D\u00fczce 81620, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00003","article-title":"The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing","volume":"355","author":"Einhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. 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