{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:31:35Z","timestamp":1786444295273,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0058557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0058557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P0058557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0058557"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0030zas98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sports teams are constantly seeking advanced technologies to gain a competitive edge by enhancing athletic performance, accelerating recovery, and minimizing injury risk. Sweat serves as a readily accessible biofluid which enables non-invasive measurement of key biochemical analytes and physiological parameters during sports activities, providing valuable insights into an athlete\u2019s fatigue status, hydration levels, energy expenditure, and muscle function. With ongoing advancements in wearable sweat sensors, particularly those powered by artificial intelligence (AI), these devices facilitate dynamic adjustments to training intensity, optimized fatigue management, personalized recovery strategies, and overall performance enhancement, which are especially valuable for athletes and sports teams. In this paper, we present a structured narrative overview of sweat-based wearable biosensor technologies, highlighting target analytes of interest, advanced materials, innovative designs, AI integration for data interpretation, and applications of commercial products in sports scenarios. Furthermore, we highlight challenges like sweat composition variability, calibration issues, and limitations in sensor materials. We also explore opportunities for future development, such as enhancing sensor performance with hybrid materials, expanding multimodal biosensors, and refining AI systems for personalized performance optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13080906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:11:16Z","timestamp":1786439476000},"page":"906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applications of Wearable Sweat Biosensors in Sports Activities with Real-World Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiaxiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoer","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3863-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Joint Research Center of Biosensing and Precision Theranostics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Research Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meizi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834","article-title":"Endurance exercise performance: The physiology of champions","volume":"86","author":"Joyner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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