{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:26:54Z","timestamp":1787308014908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a progressive and potentially disabling condition caused by compromised blood supply to the femoral head, leading to bone necrosis and collapse. Early diagnosis is essential to enable joint-preserving interventions and improve patient outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered the most sensitive modality for early detection, whereas computed tomography (CT) provides superior assessment of subchondral bone integrity and structural collapse. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques, has emerged as a promising tool to enhance diagnostic accuracy, automate lesion segmentation, and predict disease progression. This review aims to provide an overview of current AI applications in MRI for ONFH, focusing on early diagnostic, disease staging and classification, volumetric assessment, differential diagnosis and prognostic prediction. A total of 61 articles were initially identified, of which 13 studies (2021\u20132025) met the inclusion criteria. Results indicate that DL models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), achieve excellent diagnostic performance, with reported accuracies up to 98.4% and area under the curve (AUC) values reaching 0.98 for early-stage detection. Several models demonstrated performance comparable to or exceeding that of experienced clinicians, particularly in differentiating ONFH from other hip pathologies and in early disease recognition. AI algorithms also showed high accuracy in staging and classification (AUC up to 99.7% in internal validation), as well as in automated segmentation and volumetric assessment (Dice coefficients up to 0.89), enabling objective quantification of necrotic lesions. Furthermore, prognostic models integrating radiomics and ML techniques demonstrated promising results in predicting femoral head collapse (AUC up to 0.85). From a clinical perspective, AI appears to function primarily as a supportive tool, improving diagnostic consistency, efficiency, and reproducibility, and acting as a \u201csecond reader\u201d capable of reducing variability among less experienced clinicians. However, significant limitations remain, including dataset heterogeneity, predominance of retrospective and monocentric studies, and limited integration of clinical data. In conclusion, AI-based MRI analysis shows strong potential to enhance the diagnosis, staging, and management of ONFH. Future research should focus on multicenter prospective validation, integration of multimodal clinical data, and development of explainable and generalizable models to facilitate widespread clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13080942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1787241919000},"page":"942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Applications in MRI for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7378-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Denami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, \u201cRenato Dulbecco\u201d University Hospital, V.le Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletal Health@UMG, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ammendolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletal Health@UMG, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"de Sire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletal Health@UMG, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5568-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Marotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletal Health@UMG, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8585-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia Lucia","family":"Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8145-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira Immacolata","family":"Parrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Gasparini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, \u201cRenato Dulbecco\u201d University Hospital, V.le Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletal Health@UMG, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8742-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Mercurio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, \u201cRenato Dulbecco\u201d University Hospital, V.le Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletal Health@UMG, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21.00176","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00176","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"6","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob. 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