{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:26:57Z","timestamp":1787308017147,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal-anchored mesial sliders are increasingly used for molar mesialization, yet their mechanical behavior has not been compared under standardized conditions. This in vitro pilot study evaluated four slider designs (BENEfit\u00ae Beneslider [BB], TADMAN Beneslider [TB], IZE Slider [IO; OrthoLIZE GmbH], Slider on Minipin [SO; OrthoLIZE GmbH]), each combined with elastic chains (-C) or NiTi springs (-S), to characterize force loss, mesial movement, and associated mechanical side effects using an experimental biomechanical measurement system. Using repeated measurements on one specimen with 1 N of applied force, three-dimensional tooth movements were recorded across 200 simulation steps per run. The sliders showed design-dependent mechanical patterns: IO sliders produced the smallest sagittal movements (IO-C: \u22120.84 mm [0.05], IO-S: \u22120.79 mm [0.02]) and the highest force loss (IO-C: 88.1% [2.1], IO-S: 89.8% [0.3]), whereas BB-S and TB-S generated larger mesialization distances (BB-S: \u22123.55 mm [0.53], TB-S: \u22123.46 mm [0.08]) with lower force loss (BB-S: 42.8% [9.2], TB-S: 21.1% [2.9]). Translational deviations remained small, while rotational effects were more pronounced. These findings represent mechanical tendencies of the tested configurations under idealized conditions and do not account for biological variability, periodontal compliance, or patient-specific factors. As such, the results cannot be generalized to clinical performance but provide preliminary reference data. Expanded investigations using multiple specimens, biological modeling, or finite element analysis will be necessary to determine how these mechanical patterns translate into clinical tooth movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13080948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:31:59Z","timestamp":1787304719000},"page":"948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomechanical Evaluation of Force Loss and Simulated Tooth Movement in Maxillary Orthodontic Mesial Sliders: An In Vitro Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5209-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien A. J.","family":"Scheurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise H.","family":"Dommack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9436-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia B.","family":"Rieken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zahnarztteam Hamm, Private Practice, Bockum-H\u00f6vel, 59075 Hamm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2195-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Bourauel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Technology, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5950-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludger","family":"Keilig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Technology, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats Philipp","family":"Scheurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6995-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4529-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Marie-Kristine","family":"Mielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Integrating esthetic dentistry and space closure in patients with missing maxillary lateral incisors","volume":"35","author":"Rosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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