{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:36:00Z","timestamp":1787585760136,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005941","name":"Dietmar Hopp Foundation, Germany","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1DH1911472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DH1911472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the influence of the manufacturing method and cementation protocol on the fracture load of zirconia molar crowns. A total of 32 full-contour crowns with a wall thickness of 1 mm were fabricated from 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP). Sixteen crowns were produced by 3D printing (LithaCon 3Y 210, Lithoz) and 16 by milling (e.max ZirCAD LT, Ivoclar Vivadent). Within each manufacturing group, eight crowns were adhesively luted with a dual-cure resin cement (Bifix QM, VOCO) and eight were conventionally cemented with a glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem, Solventum). All crown\u2013die complexes underwent thermomechanical aging (6000 thermal cycles between 5 \u00b0C\/55 \u00b0C; 1.2 \u00d7 106 cycles at 50 N) as a correlate of five years of clinical service, followed by axial loading to failure. The statistical analysis was a two-way ANOVA on log10-transformed fracture loads with manufacturing and cement as fixed effects (\u03b1 = 0.05). All crowns survived thermomechanical loading without failure. Milled zirconia crowns showed significantly higher fracture loads when adhesively luted (7162 \u00b1 1294 N) compared with conventional cementation (4021 \u00b1 1126 N; p &lt; 0.001). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between adhesive (4986 \u00b1 1301 N) and conventional cementation (5581 \u00b1 1618 N) for 3D-printed zirconia crowns. Additively manufactured crowns exhibited greater variability in fracture loads (broader interquartile ranges) than their milled counterparts. Two-way ANOVA detected a significant Manufacturing \u00d7 Cement interaction (p &lt; 0.001), indicating that the effect of cementation differed by manufacturing route. Adhesive cementation increased fracture load for milled zirconia, whereas no statistically significant cementation effect was detected for 3D-printed zirconia under the present conditions. Given the sample size and the observed variability, the study was powered to detect very large effects but not medium or small ones; therefore, this non-significant difference should not be interpreted as proof of no effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13090963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Manufacturing Technique and Cementation Protocol on the Load-Bearing Capacity of 3D-Printed Zirconia Molar Crowns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"O\u00dfwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz Sebastian","family":"Schwindling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9515-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Rues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6017-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Rosentritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5499-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3881-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, UKR University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35137","article-title":"Comparison between different fracture toughness techniques in zirconia dental ceramics","volume":"111","author":"Alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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