{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:17:04Z","timestamp":1788229024565,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12472324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12472324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12472324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12472324"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Excessive or poorly distributed contact loading of the hand and forearm can cause pain, functional limitation, skin breakdown, and deep soft-tissue injury, motivating reliable quantification of local soft-tissue deformation and stress. Although anatomically detailed finite element models of the hand and forearm have been developed separately, their integration within a continuous subject-specific hand\u2013forearm model remains limited. Methods: This preliminary single-subject study developed an MRI-based subject-specific finite element model of the hand and forearm from one healthy adult male volunteer. The model incorporated the complete anatomical structures of the hand and forearm, together with the humerus, which provided proximal attachment sites for the forearm muscles and the extrinsic muscles of the hand. Selected muscle\u2013tendon paths were refined using published hand\u2013wrist musculoskeletal parameters. Skin-, fat-, and muscle-thickness fields were quantified using an anatomy-informed thickness-estimation framework centered on a modified bidirectional ray-projection (mBRP) procedure. Representative indentation sites were selected by thickness fields. A material combination selected from the P1 and P2 analyses was evaluated unchanged at the held-out P3 site, followed by exploratory post hoc screening at P3; agreement was assessed using root-mean-square error (RMSE), normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and relative absolute peak-force error. Results: The model comprised 179 components, including bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, skin, and subcutaneous fat, with 120,563 tetrahedral elements and 56,944 pentahedral wedge elements. All five anthropometric measurements differed by less than 5% from the male P50 reference values. In total, 27 of the 29 comparable muscle-belly lengths fell within published ranges or agreed with available single-specimen values. The mBRP-derived skin-thickness measurements differed from the prescribed values by only 0.00\u20131.67%. The best-fitting combinations were Skin2\u2013Fat2 at P1 (R2 = 0.972) and Skin3\u2013Fat3\u2013Muscle3 at P2 (R2 = 0.973). The Skin3\u2013Fat2\u2013Muscle3 combination retained good agreement at the held-out P3 site (R2 = 0.877). In comparison, the P2-optimal Skin3\u2013Fat3\u2013Muscle3 combination showed substantially poorer agreement at P3 (R2 = 0.344). Subsequent exploratory screening of all 27 combinations at P3 identified Skin2\u2013Fat2\u2013Muscle3 as the closest site-specific fit (R2 = 0.983). Conclusions: Within this preliminary single-subject study, the model showed anatomical consistency and reproduced the passive indentation responses at the three investigated sites. Cross-site transferability was material-combination dependent: the jointly selected P1\u2013P2 combination retained good agreement at P3, whereas the P2-specific optimum did not. This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of an individualized hand\u2013forearm modeling workflow but does not establish universally transferable tissue parameters or population-level generalizability. Evaluation in additional participants is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Surface Indentation Assessment of an MRI-Based Subject-Specific Hand\u2013Forearm Finite Element Model: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Songhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Xiaomi Mobile Software Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019erqi Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9644-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Drugs and Medical Devices in Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Xiaomi Mobile Software Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019erqi Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9209-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiguo","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103340","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Locking Plates for Fixation of Metacarpal Shaft Fractures: A Finite Element Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. 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