{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1788243407964,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SECIHTI), Mexico","award":["1028589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1028589"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004961","name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A01551967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A01551967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["A01551967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A01551967"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ayjn504","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gesture recognition enables intuitive human\u2013robot communication, where surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a minimally invasive interface for detecting motor activity. However, the lack of systematic evaluation of processing pipelines represents a critical barrier to reliable subject-independent deployment. This work presents a systematic evaluation of sEMG processing pipelines for three-gesture recognition (Neutral, Ask, Take) using a Bagged Trees classifier under Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) cross-validation across ten participants. A mixed-effects ANOVA over 1872 experimental configurations revealed that the preprocessing pipeline is the dominant factor affecting classification accuracy, followed by inter-subject variability, while window size and overlap exhibit smaller but statistically significant effects. A consistency-based elbow analysis identified a compact subset of five features that reduced input dimensionality by 94.79% while improving accuracy from 68.10% to 69.86% and reducing training time by 51.62%. Bayesian hyperparameter optimization was also tested, but it did not yield statistically significant improvements over the five-feature baseline; given the limited cohort (n = 10), this indicates the absence of a detectable difference and points to inter-subject variability as a leading factor limiting performance rather than model configuration. These findings provide empirically grounded guidelines for designing computationally efficient sEMG-based gesture recognition systems for collaborative robotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1788241513000},"page":"1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Evaluation of sEMG Processing Pipelines for Gesture Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Concha-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Col: Tecnol\u00f3gico, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Reyes-Avenda\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Col: Tecnol\u00f3gico, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo G.","family":"Gonzalez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Col: Tecnol\u00f3gico, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0137-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricruz","family":"Concha-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Orizaba, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Orizaba 94320, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission, and Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (2021). 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