{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:08:13Z","timestamp":1789016893334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Egypt"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0512bh102","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000308","name":"British Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004wta052","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a major health problem with several potentially life-threatening complications including cardiovascular disease and osteopathy. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are a promising candidate for bone regeneration, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a fundamental role in both bone regeneration and stem cell biology. Still, its expression profile is yet to be assessed in diabetic BM-MSCs. This study investigated IGF axis gene and protein expression in BM-MSCs isolated from the knee joints of diabetic and non-diabetic donors. BM-MSCs were cultured under basal and osteogenic conditions for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Relative expression levels of the IGF axis genes were assessed using qPCR while protein concentrations of IGFBP-2, -3 and -4 were assessed using ELISA. Diabetic BM-MSCs showed lower mRNA levels of IGF binding proteins (IGFBP)-2, -3 and -4 but both cell populations displayed comparable protein levels. Moreover, the osteogenic cultures of diabetic and non-diabetic BM-MSCs equally demonstrated a trend of IGFBP-2 upregulation along with IGF-1 and IGFBP-5 downregulation. Non-diabetic BM-MSCs showed significant time-dependent increases in IGFBP-3 and -4 concentrations in basal and osteogenic cultures respectively. These molecules could be addressed to improve the regenerative potentials of BM-MSCs particularly under diabetic conditions, and further research is warranted into the possible roles of IGFBPs proteinases and their inhibitors in bone biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:00:04Z","timestamp":1788861604000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling the Impact of Diabetes on Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Axis Signalling in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from the Bone of Knee Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3551, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine L.","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemant","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"El-Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.04.001","article-title":"Multifactorial effects of hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia and inflammation on bone remodelling in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"55","author":"Shahen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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