{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:14:02Z","timestamp":1789035242387,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental rehabilitation of fibula free flap mandibular reconstructions can be limited by the reduced vertical bone height available for implant placement. This study evaluated the biomechanical influence of ultra-short, extra-short, and conventional implants in a reconstructed fibula. Methods: A patient-specific finite element model of a fibula-reconstructed mandible was developed. Three splinted implants with a diameter of 4 mm and lengths of 3, 5, or 12 mm were compared under postoperative unilateral molar loading. Von Mises stresses were evaluated in the implants, fibula, residual mandible, and fixation plates, while equivalent elastic strain was assessed in peri-implant bone. Results: Implant length had minimal influence on implant stress (36.8\u201337.1 MPa) and fibular cortical bone stress (52.5\u201353.1 MPa). The 5 mm implants produced the lowest peri-implant strains and the lowest posterior reconstruction-plate stress (71.3 MPa), compared with 75.4 MPa for 3 mm and 107.8 MPa for 12 mm implants. The 12 mm implants generated greater apical strain concentrations, exceeding the adopted mechanobiological threshold around the central and mesial implants. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study and under the simulated immediate postoperative loading condition, shorter implants, particularly 5 mm implants, showed a favorable biomechanical response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering13091052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1789031583000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Finite Element Analysis of Ultra-Short, Extra-Short, and Conventional Dental Implants in Fibula Free Flap Mandibular Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2002-9938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ceddia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Lamberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartolomeo","family":"Trentadue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weyh, A.M., and Fernandes, R.P. (2021). Narrative review: Fibula free flap, indications, tips, and pitfalls. Front. Oral Maxillofac. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm-20-43"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1433","article-title":"Clinical and functional outcomes of implant prostheses in fibula free flaps","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritschl, L.M., Singer, H., Clasen, F.C., Haller, B., Fichter, A.M., Deppe, H., Wolff, K.-D., and Weitz, J. (2024). Oral rehabilitation and associated quality of life following mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap: A cross-sectional study. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1371405"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamias-Romero, J., Saez-Barba, M., de-Pablo-Garc\u00eda-Cuenca, A., Vaquero-Mart\u00ednez, P., Masnou-Pratdesaba, J., and Besc\u00f3s-At\u00edn, C. (2023). Quality of life after mandibular reconstruction using free fibula flap and customized plates: A case series and comparison with the literature. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092582"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.05.021","article-title":"Rehabilitation after mandibular reconstruction with fibula free-flap: Clinical outcome and quality of life assessment","volume":"37","author":"Hundepool","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2006.05.003","article-title":"Fibula free flap in mandibular reconstruction","volume":"14","author":"Fernandes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2019.03.002","article-title":"Fibular reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible with immediate implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation: Jaw in a day","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31828bd8d0","article-title":"Jaw in a day: Total maxillofacial reconstruction using digital technology","volume":"131","author":"Levine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006369","article-title":"Experience with \u201cjaw in a day\u201d technique","volume":"31","author":"Sukato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1732478","article-title":"Jaw in a day: Immediate dental rehabilitation during fibula reconstruction of the mandible","volume":"37","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ureel, M., Boder\u00e9, P.J., Denoiseux, B., Corthouts, P., and Coopman, R. (2024). Mandibular reconstruction with osseous free flap and immediate prosthetic rehabilitation (jaw-in-a-day): In-house manufactured innovative modular stackable guide system. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11121254"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106327","article-title":"Novel and accurate 3D-Printed surgical guide for mandibular reconstruction with integrated dental implants","volume":"151","author":"Miljanovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2011.07.016","article-title":"Dental implant placement after mandibular reconstruction by microvascular free fibula flap: Current knowledge and remaining questions","volume":"47","author":"Samuel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18427","article-title":"Outcomes of immediate dental implants in vascularised bone flaps for mandibular reconstruction","volume":"93","author":"Tumuluri","year":"2023","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2021.09.006","article-title":"Radiotherapy and the survival of dental implants: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007077","article-title":"Dental implant survival in vascularized bone flaps: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Panchal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2024.106945","article-title":"Is immediate dental implant in fibula free flap beneficial for implant survival and osteoradionecrosis in jaw reconstruction?","volume":"156","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.01.047","article-title":"Fibula jaw in a day: State of the art in maxillofacial reconstruction","volume":"74","author":"Qaisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro Cu\u00e9llar, C., Ochandiano Caicoya, S., Navarro Cu\u00e9llar, I., Valladares P\u00e9rez, S., Fari\u00f1a Sirandoni, R., Ant\u00fanez-Conde, R., D\u00edez Montiel, A., S\u00e1nchez P\u00e9rez, A., L\u00f3pez L\u00f3pez, A.M., and L\u00f3pez L\u00f3pez, C. (2020). Vertical ridge augmentation of fibula flap in mandibular reconstruction: A comparison between vertical distraction, double-barrel flap and iliac crest graft. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010101"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009152","article-title":"An anatomic analysis of fibula flap mandible reconstructions: Implications for endosseous implant placement","volume":"149","author":"Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"52","article-title":"Interface of unloaded titanium implants in the iliac crest, fibula, and scapula: A histomorphometric and biomechanical study in the pig","volume":"19","author":"Rohner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13262","article-title":"Management of an imminent pathological fracture of a fibular neomandible via a minimally invasive approach-A case report","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87507-1","article-title":"A meta-analysis indicating extra-short implants (\u22646 mm) as an alternative to longer implants (\u22658 mm) with bone augmentation","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Zamora, G., Ortiz-Ru\u00edz, A.J., Camacho-Alonso, F., Mart\u00ednez-Marco, J.F., Molina-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., Piqu\u00e9-Clusella, N., and Vicente-Hern\u00e1ndez, A. (2021). Short dental implants (\u22648.5 mm) versus standard dental implants (\u226510 mm): A one-year post-loading prospective observational study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115683"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hockov\u00e1, B., Sl\u00e1vik, R., Azar, B., Stebel, J., Poruban, D., Bonfante, E.A., Ewers, R., Cheng, Y.-C., and Stebel, A. (2024). Short and extra short dental implants in osseous microvascular free flaps: A retrospective case series. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040384"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2016.04.025","article-title":"Irradiated patients and survival rate of dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Santiago","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2011.07.013","article-title":"Dental implants in oral cancer reconstruction","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2025.04.001","article-title":"Multicenter 14-year follow-up of fibula vascular grafts of mandibles and maxillae restored with short and extra-short implants","volume":"53","author":"Ewers","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400198","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202400198","article-title":"Finite-element analysis study comparing titanium and polyetheretherketone caps in a conometric connection between implant and prosthesis","volume":"26","author":"Ceddia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.115251","article-title":"Application of finite element analysis in implant dentistry: A review of the literature","volume":"85","author":"Geng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1054\/jcms.2002.0310","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the stresses around endosseous implants in various reconstructed mandibular models","volume":"30","author":"Nagasao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"999","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of implant placement in the reconstructed mandible","volume":"24","author":"Nagasao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-024-02162-z","article-title":"The influence of implant number on stress distribution in the anterior region of mandible reconstructed with fibula bone graft: A finite element analysis","volume":"25","author":"Latifi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"51","article-title":"A method of selecting the best implant prosthesis design option using three-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kregzde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.110968","article-title":"Bone remodeling following mandibular reconstruction using fibula free flap","volume":"133","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237205000081","article-title":"Effects of dental implant length and bone quality on biomechanical responses in bone around implants: A 3-D non-linear finite element analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruf, P., Orassi, V., Fischer, H., Steffen, C., Duda, G.N., Heiland, M., Kreutzer, K., Checa, S., and Rendenbach, C. (2022). Towards mechanobiologically optimized mandible reconstruction: CAD\/CAM miniplates vs. reconstruction plates for fibula free flap fixation: A finite element study. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1005022"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100661","article-title":"Effect of interimplant distance (2 and 3 mm) on the height of interimplant bone crest: A histomorphometric evaluation","volume":"82","author":"Elian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2024.09.001","article-title":"Immediate implants in fibulas: Does the implant to fibula osteotomy distance impact early implant failure?","volume":"82","author":"Neal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.05.008","article-title":"Survival of dental implants placed in vascularised fibula free flaps after jaw reconstruction","volume":"46","author":"Attia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.4.546","article-title":"The effect of inter-implant distance on the height of inter-implant bone crest","volume":"71","author":"Tarnow","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880107","article-title":"Threedimensional finite element stress analysis of the dentate human mandible","volume":"88","author":"Korioth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.12.032","article-title":"Biomechanical optimization of bone plates used in rigid fixation of mandibular fractures","volume":"67","author":"Lovald","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-016-0573-2","article-title":"Finite element analysis of stress distribution on the mandible and condylar fracture osteosynthesis during various clenching tasks","volume":"20","author":"Hijazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730010801","article-title":"Deformation of the human mandible during simulated tooth clenching","volume":"73","author":"Korioth","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2021.02.017","article-title":"Evaluation of bite force recovery in patients with maxillofacial fracture","volume":"53","author":"Gheibollahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2012.35","article-title":"Nonlinear finite element analysis of three implant-abutment interface designs","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10121","article-title":"Variations in cortical material properties throughout the human dentate mandible","volume":"120","author":"Dechow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"377","article-title":"Analyzing the anisotropic Hooke\u2019s law for children\u2019s cortical bone","volume":"49","author":"Lasaygues","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-624X(96)00078-9","article-title":"An ultrasonic method for measuring the elastic properties of human tibial cortical an cancellous bone","volume":"34","author":"Rho","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470539","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/470539","article-title":"Material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone","volume":"2014","author":"Lakatos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012036","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/986\/1\/012036","article-title":"Tibia and fibula stress strain research","volume":"986","author":"Sudneva","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mat. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"MatWeb, L.L.C. (2021, September 28). Material Property Data. Available online: www.matweb.com."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Zhang, G., Huang, A., and Zhou, H. (2025). The topology optimization design and processing of 3D-printed bio-fixed bone plate applied to the mandible. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06923-1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehner, T., Wolfram, U., Henzler, T., Niemeyer, F., Claes, L., and Simon, U. (2014). Prediction of the Time Course of Callus Stiffness as a Function of Mechanical Parameters in Experimental Rat Fracture Healing Studies\u2014A Numerical Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115695"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12036","article-title":"Impact of excessive occlusal load on successfully-osseointegrated dental implants: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"135","article-title":"Factors affecting bone response around loaded titanium dental implants: A literature review","volume":"3","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.6608","article-title":"Use of patient-specific finite element models in dental rehabilitation to investigate stresses of a fibula free flap for mandibular reconstruction","volume":"34","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e77","article-title":"Stress distribution and micromotion analyses of immediately loaded implants of varying lengths in the mandible and fibular bone grafts: A three-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"35","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite elemental analysis of bone stress near an implant placed at the border between mandible and fibular graft in mandibular reconstruction","volume":"4","author":"Yukawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2018.10.2.138","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the splinted implant prosthesis in a reconstructed mandible","volume":"10","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2026.101419","article-title":"Finite element biomechanical comparison of bone-driven and occlusion-driven fibular flap positioning in lateral segmental mandibular reconstruction","volume":"16","author":"Filonenko","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/9\/1052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:51:30Z","timestamp":1789033890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/13\/9\/1052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering13091052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering13091052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}